{
  "id": "studies:ntp-2018",
  "collection": "studies",
  "slug": "ntp-2018-cellphone-rfr",
  "name": "NTP rodent carcinogenicity studies of cell phone radiofrequency radiation (2018)",
  "summary": "Two-year whole-body exposure studies found clear evidence of malignant schwannomas of the heart in male rats at exposure levels above the human whole-body limit, with no such finding in female rats or in mice.",
  "status": "verified",
  "lastVerified": "2026-08-12",
  "data": {
    "authors": "U.S. National Toxicology Program",
    "year": 2018,
    "design": "animal",
    "exposure": "Whole-body GSM- and CDMA-modulated RF at 900 MHz (rats) and 1900 MHz (mice), 1.5–6 W/kg whole-body SAR, roughly 9 hours per day for two years, from before birth",
    "finding": "Clear evidence of carcinogenic activity: malignant schwannoma of the heart in male rats. Equivocal evidence for glioma in male rats. No clear evidence in female rats or in mice of either sex.",
    "limitations": "Whole-body SAR levels were at or above the human whole-body limit and produced measurable tissue heating at the highest level. Exposed male rats survived longer than controls, complicating interpretation. Rodent heart schwannoma has no clear human counterpart in the epidemiology, and NTP itself stated the findings should not be extrapolated directly to human phone use.",
    "weight": "high",
    "url": "https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/topics/cellphones",
    "related": [
      "studies:ramazzini-2018",
      "studies:iarc-2b-rf-2011"
    ]
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "ntp-cellphone",
      "title": "Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation Studies",
      "publisher": "National Toxicology Program, U.S. NIEHS",
      "url": "https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/topics/cellphones",
      "kind": "government",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-12"
    }
  ],
  "links": {
    "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/ntp-2018-cellphone-rfr",
    "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/ntp-2018-cellphone-rfr",
    "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/ntp-2018-cellphone-rfr.md",
    "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies"
  }
}