{
  "id": "studies:ramazzini-2018",
  "collection": "studies",
  "slug": "ramazzini-2018-base-station-rfr",
  "name": "Ramazzini Institute far-field base-station exposure study (2018)",
  "summary": "A lifespan rat study at far-field, base-station-like levels reported the same rare heart schwannoma signal as the NTP study, at much lower exposure intensities.",
  "status": "verified",
  "lastVerified": "2026-08-12",
  "data": {
    "authors": "Falcioni L, Bua L, Tibaldi E, et al. (Ramazzini Institute)",
    "year": 2018,
    "design": "animal",
    "exposure": "Far-field 1.8 GHz GSM at whole-body SAR of 0.001–0.1 W/kg, 19 hours per day from prenatal life to natural death",
    "finding": "A statistically significant increase in heart schwannomas in male rats at the highest dose, concordant in tumour type with the NTP findings despite far lower exposure.",
    "limitations": "Effect was confined to male rats at the highest of three levels, with small numbers of affected animals. Historical-control comparisons and statistical approach have been contested. Concordance with NTP strengthens the signal but neither study establishes a human risk.",
    "weight": "moderate",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29530389/",
    "related": [
      "studies:ntp-2018"
    ]
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "ramazzini-2018",
      "title": "Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission",
      "publisher": "Environmental Research (Ramazzini Institute)",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29530389/",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "peer-reviewed",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-12"
    }
  ],
  "links": {
    "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/ramazzini-2018-base-station-rfr",
    "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/ramazzini-2018-base-station-rfr",
    "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/ramazzini-2018-base-station-rfr.md",
    "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies"
  }
}