{
  "id": "studies:who-rf-review-2024",
  "collection": "studies",
  "slug": "who-rf-cancer-review-2024",
  "name": "WHO-commissioned systematic review of RF exposure and cancer in humans (2024)",
  "summary": "A systematic review and meta-analysis of human observational studies found no association between mobile phone use and brain or head-and-neck cancers, including for long-term and heavy use.",
  "status": "verified",
  "lastVerified": "2026-08-12",
  "data": {
    "authors": "Karipidis K, Baaken D, Loney T, et al.",
    "year": 2024,
    "design": "systematic-review",
    "exposure": "Mobile phone use, cordless phone use, and occupational and environmental RF exposure",
    "finding": "No association between mobile phone use and glioma, meningioma, acoustic neuroma, or pituitary and salivary gland tumours, including among people reporting ten or more years of use and the highest cumulative call time. Certainty of evidence was rated moderate to low depending on outcome.",
    "limitations": "Underlying studies rely largely on self-reported exposure and predate widespread 5G deployment. Absence of an observed association at population level does not exclude a small effect in a subgroup, and the review addresses cancer only, not other endpoints.",
    "weight": "high",
    "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412024005531",
    "related": [
      "studies:iarc-2b-rf-2011",
      "studies:interphone-2010"
    ]
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "who-rf-review-2024",
      "title": "The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: a systematic review of human observational studies",
      "publisher": "Environment International (WHO-commissioned systematic review)",
      "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412024005531",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "peer-reviewed",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "id": "who-emf-rf",
      "title": "Radiation: Electromagnetic fields (questions and answers)",
      "publisher": "World Health Organization",
      "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-electromagnetic-fields",
      "kind": "government",
      "retrieved": "2026-08-12"
    }
  ],
  "links": {
    "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/who-rf-cancer-review-2024",
    "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/who-rf-cancer-review-2024",
    "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/who-rf-cancer-review-2024.md",
    "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies"
  }
}