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Separate tiers for occupational/controlled and general population/uncontrolled exposure.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 300000, "maxHz": 100000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-rf-safety", "title": "Radio Frequency Safety", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/radio-frequency-safety-0", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/fcc-mpe", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/fcc-mpe", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/fcc-mpe.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:icnirp-2020", "collection": "standards", "slug": "icnirp-2020", "name": "ICNIRP 2020 RF guidelines (100 kHz–300 GHz)", "summary": "International guidelines that most countries outside the U.S. adopt into law, covering 5G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, mobile phones and base stations.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "ICNIRP RF 2020" ], "organization": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "edition": "2020", "jurisdiction": [ "EU", "AU", "JP", "CA", "international" ], "kind": "guideline", "scope": "Basic restrictions expressed as SAR and absorbed power density, with reference levels in field strength and power density for practical compliance checks. Replaces the 100 kHz–300 GHz part of ICNIRP 1998.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/icnirp-2020", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/icnirp-2020", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/icnirp-2020.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:icnirp-2010", "collection": "standards", "slug": "icnirp-2010", "name": "ICNIRP 2010 low-frequency guidelines (1 Hz–100 kHz)", "summary": "International guidelines for power-frequency electric and magnetic fields, the tier that covers household wiring, transformers and transmission lines.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "organization": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "edition": "2010", "jurisdiction": [ "EU", "AU", "CA", "international" ], "kind": "guideline", "scope": "Protects against nerve stimulation from induced electric fields; expressed for practical use as reference levels in µT and kV/m at 50/60 Hz.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 1, "maxHz": 100000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2010", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/lf-guidelines-2010.html", "year": 2010, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/icnirp-2010", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/icnirp-2010", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/icnirp-2010.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:eu-1999-519", "collection": "standards", "slug": "eu-council-recommendation-1999-519-ec", "name": "EU Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC", "summary": "The public-exposure reference framework across the European Union, based on ICNIRP 1998, transposed into national law with varying strictness.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "organization": "Council of the European Union", "edition": "1999", "jurisdiction": [ "EU" ], "kind": "regulatory", "scope": "Covers 0 Hz to 300 GHz for the general public. Member states may and do legislate stricter values.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 0, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "eu-1999-519", "title": "Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "Council of the European Union", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31999H0519", "year": 1999, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/eu-council-recommendation-1999-519-ec", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/eu-council-recommendation-1999-519-ec", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/eu-council-recommendation-1999-519-ec.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:ieee-c95-1", "collection": "standards", "slug": "ieee-c95-1-2019", "name": "IEEE C95.1-2019", "summary": "Consensus engineering standard for 0 Hz–300 GHz human exposure, harmonised with ICNIRP 2020 in most bands and widely referenced in equipment compliance work.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "organization": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "edition": "2019", "jurisdiction": [ "US", "international" ], "kind": "guideline", "scope": "Exposure reference levels and dosimetric restrictions for persons in unrestricted and restricted environments.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 0, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "ieee-c95-1", "title": "IEEE C95.1-2019 — Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/C95.1/4940/", "year": 2019, "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/ieee-c95-1-2019", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/ieee-c95-1-2019", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/ieee-c95-1-2019.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:ch-onir", "collection": "standards", "slug": "swiss-onir-nisv", "name": "Swiss ONIR / NISV installation limit values", "summary": "Switzerland's precaution-based installation limits for fixed transmitters and power lines, roughly a factor of 10 below ICNIRP in field strength terms.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "NISV", "ORNI", "Swiss installation limit value" ], "organization": "Swiss Confederation", "edition": "2000, as amended", "jurisdiction": [ "CH" ], "kind": "regulatory", "scope": "Applies to places of sensitive use (bedrooms, schools, workplaces, playgrounds) near fixed installations, in addition to ICNIRP-level immission limits.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 0, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "ch-onir", "title": "Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (ONIR / NISV, SR 814.710)", "publisher": "Swiss Confederation", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/38/en", "year": 2000, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/swiss-onir-nisv", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/swiss-onir-nisv", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/swiss-onir-nisv.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:who-elf-evidence", "collection": "standards", "slug": "who-elf-evidence-framework", "name": "WHO ELF evidence framework", "summary": "The World Health Organization's assessment of the extremely-low-frequency evidence base, which sets no exposure limit but records the daily-average magnetic field level above which epidemiology reports an association with childhood leukaemia.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "WHO EHC 238", "WHO ELF assessment" ], "organization": "World Health Organization", "edition": "2007 assessment, factsheet current", "jurisdiction": [ "international" ], "kind": "guideline", "scope": "Reviews the ELF evidence base and endorses ICNIRP reference levels for acute effects. It defines no limit of its own: the 0.3–0.4 µT figure it records is an epidemiological association, not a threshold of harm and not enforceable anywhere.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 0, "maxHz": 300 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-ehc-238", "title": "Extremely Low Frequency Fields — Environmental Health Criteria Monograph No. 238", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241572385", "year": 2007, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "iarc-monograph-80", "title": "IARC Monographs Volume 80: Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "url": "https://publications.iarc.who.int/98", "year": 2002, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/who-elf-evidence-framework", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/who-elf-evidence-framework", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/who-elf-evidence-framework.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:sbm-2024", "collection": "standards", "slug": "building-biology-sbm-2024", "name": "Building Biology SBM-2024 evaluation guidelines", "summary": "Precautionary assessment bands used by building biologists to grade bedroom measurements from 'no anomaly' to 'extreme anomaly'; not exposure limits and not law.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "SBM-2015", "building biology guideline values" ], "organization": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "edition": "2024", "jurisdiction": [ "DE", "international" ], "kind": "precautionary", "scope": "Sleeping areas. Values are graded bands (no / weak / strong / extreme anomaly) intended to guide remediation, orders of magnitude below regulatory limits.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 0, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/building-biology-sbm-2024", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/building-biology-sbm-2024", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/building-biology-sbm-2024.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:europaem-2016", "collection": "standards", "slug": "europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "name": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016", "summary": "Precautionary medical-association guidance proposing day, night and sensitive-population target values per transmission technology.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "organization": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "edition": "2016", "jurisdiction": [ "international" ], "kind": "precautionary", "scope": "Clinical guidance for patients reporting EMF-related symptoms; target values differentiate pulsed from non-pulsed sources.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 0, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "europaem-2016", "title": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems", "publisher": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/library/blog-en/97-europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "year": 2016, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/europaem-emf-guideline-2016.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:bioinitiative-2012", "collection": "standards", "slug": "bioinitiative-2012", "name": "BioInitiative Report 2012 precautionary levels", "summary": "Advocacy-group review proposing precautionary RF and ELF targets far below regulatory limits; widely cited in campaigns and widely disputed by health authorities.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "organization": "BioInitiative Working Group", "edition": "2012", "jurisdiction": [ "international" ], "kind": "precautionary", "scope": "Not a standards body and not adopted by any regulator. Listed here because it is frequently quoted as though it were a limit.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 0, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "bioinitiative-2012", "title": "BioInitiative Report 2012 (updated) — conclusions and recommended precautionary levels", "publisher": "BioInitiative Working Group", "url": "https://bioinitiative.org/conclusions/", "year": 2012, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/bioinitiative-2012", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/bioinitiative-2012", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/bioinitiative-2012.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:hc-safety-code-6", "collection": "standards", "slug": "safety-code-6", "name": "Health Canada Safety Code 6 (2015)", "summary": "Canada's RF exposure code from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, issued by Health Canada as a guideline and made effectively mandatory for wireless equipment through ISED's certification requirements.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Safety Code 6", "SC6", "Canada RF exposure limits" ], "organization": "Health Canada", "edition": "2015 revision", "jurisdiction": [ "CA" ], "kind": "guideline", "scope": "Health Canada publishes Safety Code 6 as a guideline: it applies directly to federally regulated sites and may be adopted by provinces and industry. Its practical force comes from Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, which adopts it as the scientific basis for equipment certification and RF compliance of phones, base stations and broadcast antennas. Values are structured as basic restrictions (SAR, internal field) and reference levels (field strength, power density), with separate uncontrolled and controlled environment tiers.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 3000, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "hc-safety-code-6", "title": "Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Energy in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz (Safety Code 6)", "publisher": "Health Canada", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-risks-safety/limits-human-exposure-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-energy-range-3-300.html", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "hc-safety-code-6-pdf", "title": "Safety Code 6 (2015), H129-48/2015E-PDF — official PDF edition", "publisher": "Government of Canada Publications", "url": "https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/sc-hc/H129-48-2015-eng.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/safety-code-6", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/safety-code-6", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/safety-code-6.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:ofcom-emf-condition", "collection": "standards", "slug": "ofcom-emf-licence-condition", "name": "UK Ofcom EMF licence condition", "summary": "The mechanism that makes the ICNIRP general-public exposure limits legally enforceable in the United Kingdom, applied as a condition on spectrum licences since 2021.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "UK EMF limits", "Ofcom EMF rules", "UK ICNIRP limits" ], "organization": "Ofcom", "edition": "in force since 2021", "jurisdiction": [ "UK" ], "kind": "regulatory", "scope": "Most Ofcom spectrum licences carry a condition requiring compliance with the ICNIRP general-public limits, for licensees authorised to transmit above 10 W EIRP (6.1 W ERP). The condition covers exposure of members of the public; it does not cover exposure of the licensee or of workers, which fall under separate occupational rules. The UK sets no numeric limit of its own — the numbers are ICNIRP's, and Ofcom supplies the enforcement route.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "ofcom-emf-policy", "title": "Ofcom's rules on EMF exposure (EMF licence condition)", "publisher": "Ofcom", "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/electromagnetic-fields/policy", "year": 2021, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ofcom-emf-guidance", "title": "Guidance on EMF compliance and enforcement", "publisher": "Ofcom", "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/electromagnetic-fields/compliance-and-enforcement-guidance", "year": 2021, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/ofcom-emf-licence-condition", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/ofcom-emf-licence-condition", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/ofcom-emf-licence-condition.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:arpansa-rps-s1", "collection": "standards", "slug": "arpansa-rps-s1", "name": "ARPANSA RPS S-1 (2021)", "summary": "Australia's RF standard for 100 kHz–300 GHz, aligned with ICNIRP 2020 and enforced through licence conditions and the ACMA device standard.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "RPS S-1", "ARPANSA RF standard", "Australia EME standard" ], "organization": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "edition": "RPS S-1 (Rev. 1), February 2021", "jurisdiction": [ "AU" ], "kind": "regulatory", "scope": "RPS S-1 replaced RPS 3 (2002) and adopts the ICNIRP 2020 limits. It is in force as a licence condition for ARPANSA licence holders, and the ACMA's Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation — Human Exposure) Standard requires radiocommunications devices supplied in Australia to keep users within the ARPANSA basic restrictions, which is what makes the limits binding for phones and transmitters.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "arpansa-rps-s1", "title": "Standard for Limiting Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields — 100 kHz to 300 GHz, RPS S-1 (Rev. 1)", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/regulation-and-licensing/regulatory-publications/radiation-protection-series/codes-and-standards/rpss-1", "year": 2021, "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "acma-eme-standard", "title": "Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation — Human Exposure) Standard 2014", "publisher": "Australian Communications and Media Authority (Federal Register of Legislation)", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2014L00960/asmade/2014-07-07/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html", "year": 2014, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/arpansa-rps-s1", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/arpansa-rps-s1", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/arpansa-rps-s1.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:india-dot-emf", "collection": "standards", "slug": "india-dot-emf-norms", "name": "India DoT base-station EMF norms (1/10th of ICNIRP)", "summary": "India enforces base-station exposure limits set at one tenth of the ICNIRP 1998 power-density reference levels, effective 1 September 2012 and applied as a telecom licence condition.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "India EMF limits", "DoT EMF norms", "Tarang Sanchar limits", "1/10th ICNIRP" ], "organization": "Department of Telecommunications, Government of India", "edition": "effective 1 September 2012; limits restated 2013", "jurisdiction": [ "IN" ], "kind": "regulatory", "scope": "Applies to base-station (BTS) emissions, not to handsets, and is enforced through access-service licence conditions with self-certification, TERM Cell audits and penalties. India adopted the ICNIRP 1998 levels in 2008 and then reduced the base-station allowance to one tenth of them on the recommendation of an inter-ministerial committee. Handset SAR is regulated separately at 1.6 W/kg over 1 g.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 400000000, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "india-tarang-norms", "title": "EMF radiation norms (Tarang Sanchar portal)", "publisher": "Department of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://tarangsanchar.gov.in/EMFPortalHi/DoT/EMFRadiationNorms", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "india-dgt-emf", "title": "Public awareness — EMF exposure limits from mobile towers", "publisher": "Directorate General of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://dgtelecom.gov.in/public-awareness/", "year": 2013, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/india-dot-emf-norms", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/india-dot-emf-norms", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/india-dot-emf-norms.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:china-gb-8702", "collection": "standards", "slug": "china-gb-8702-2014", "name": "China GB 8702-2014 electromagnetic environment control limits", "summary": "China's mandatory national standard for public exposure from 1 Hz to 300 GHz, referencing ICNIRP 1998 and IEEE but setting values of its own that are stricter in the mobile bands.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "GB 8702-2014", "China EMF limits", "电磁环境控制限值" ], "organization": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China", "edition": "GB 8702-2014, effective 1 January 2015", "jurisdiction": [ "CN" ], "kind": "regulatory", "scope": "Covers public exposure in the electromagnetic environment and the exemption scope for installations, and is used for environmental assessment and enforcement of transmitters and power infrastructure. It explicitly does not govern exposure of users to their own wireless terminals or household appliances, and is not a product-quality specification. Values from 0.1 MHz upward are RMS over any continuous 6-minute interval.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 1, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "china-gb-8702", "title": "GB 8702-2014 电磁环境控制限值 (Controlling limits for electromagnetic environment)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/hxxhj/dcfsbz/201410/t20141022_290449.htm", "year": 2014, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/china-gb-8702-2014", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/china-gb-8702-2014", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/china-gb-8702-2014.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:russia-sanpin-rf", "collection": "standards", "slug": "russia-sanpin-rf", "name": "Russia SanPiN public RF limits", "summary": "Russia's sanitary norms for public RF exposure, which cap power flux density at 10 µW/cm² from 300 MHz to 300 GHz — about a hundredth of the ICNIRP reference level.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "SanPiN 2.1.8/2.2.4.1383-03", "SanPiN 1.2.3685-21", "Russia EMF limits" ], "organization": "Rospotrebnadzor / Chief State Sanitary Physician of the Russian Federation", "edition": "SanPiN 2.1.8/2.2.4.1383-03; hygienic norms consolidated in SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 (2021)", "jurisdiction": [ "RU" ], "kind": "regulatory", "scope": "Applies to residential areas, places of mass recreation and the interiors of dwellings exposed to transmitting radio objects, including secondary radiation. Assessment uses electric field strength from 30 kHz to 300 MHz and time-averaged power flux density from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. The values also apply to RF sources other than transmitting radio facilities.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 30000, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "russia-sanpin-1383", "title": "СанПиН 2.1.8/2.2.4.1383-03, приложение 1, таблица 2 — ПДУ ЭМП 30 кГц–300 ГГц для населения", "publisher": "Главный государственный санитарный врач РФ (via ConsultantPlus)", "url": "https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_43243/b80f2a134eb7436dbdb5ff9efd13bd96e1a2e452/", "year": 2003, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "russia-sanpin-2021", "title": "СанПиН 1.2.3685-21 — Гигиенические нормативы и требования к обеспечению безопасности факторов среды обитания", "publisher": "Роспотребнадзор (via ConsultantPlus)", "url": "https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_375839/", "year": 2021, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/russia-sanpin-rf", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/russia-sanpin-rf", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/russia-sanpin-rf.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } }, { "id": "standards:italy-dpcm-2003", "collection": "standards", "slug": "italy-dpcm-2003", "name": "Italy DPCM 8 July 2003 (as amended 2024)", "summary": "Italy's three-tier RF law — exposure limit, attention value and quality objective — whose precautionary tiers were raised from 6 V/m to 15 V/m on 30 April 2024.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "DPCM 8 luglio 2003", "Italy 6 V/m", "Italy 15 V/m", "Italy EMF limits" ], "organization": "Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Italy)", "edition": "DPCM 8 July 2003, amended by Law 214/2023 art. 10 in force 30 April 2024", "jurisdiction": [ "IT" ], "kind": "regulatory", "scope": "Applies to public exposure from fixed installations between 100 kHz and 300 GHz, averaged over a body-equivalent vertical section and over any 6-minute interval; occupational and medical exposures are excluded. The exposure limit protects against established short-term effects, the attention value applies inside buildings occupied four hours a day or more and their balconies and courtyards, and the quality objective applies outdoors in intensively frequented areas.", "frequencyRange": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 300000000000 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "italy-dpcm-2003", "title": "DPCM 8 luglio 2003 — limiti di esposizione, valori di attenzione e obiettivi di qualità, 100 kHz–300 GHz", "publisher": "Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 199/2003)", "url": "https://corecom.consrc.it/hp2/doc/D.P.C.M.8_luglio2003.pdf", "year": 2003, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "italy-mimit-15vm", "title": "Adeguamento dei limiti dei campi elettromagnetici (15 V/m)", "publisher": "Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy", "url": "https://www.mimit.gov.it/it/notizie-stampa/adeguamento-dei-limiti-dei-campi-elettromagnetici", "year": 2024, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "italy-arpa-piemonte-15vm", "title": "Aumentano i controlli di Arpa in seguito all'aumento dei limiti di campo elettromagnetico", "publisher": "Arpa Piemonte", "url": "https://www.arpa.piemonte.it/notizia/aumentano-controlli-arpa-seguito-allaumento-dei-limiti-campo-elettromagnetico-per", "year": 2024, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards/italy-dpcm-2003", "html": "https://emfbase.com/standards/italy-dpcm-2003", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/standards/italy-dpcm-2003.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/standards" } } ] }, "limits": { "collection": "limits", "name": "Exposure limits", "description": "Individual numeric exposure limits and precautionary values, each with its quantity, unit, frequency band, averaging time, population and citation.", "count": 34, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "limits:fcc-mpe-public-1500-100000", "collection": "limits", "slug": "fcc-public-power-density-above-1-5-ghz", "name": "FCC general population MPE, 1.5–100 GHz", "summary": "1.0 mW/cm² power density averaged over 30 minutes — the band that covers most cellular, Wi-Fi and 5G frequencies in the United States.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "fcc-mpe", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 1500000000, "maxHz": 100000000000, "label": "1500–100,000 MHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 1800, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 10000000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Stated in 47 CFR 1.1310 as 1.0 mW/cm²; 1 mW/cm² = 10 W/m² = 10,000,000 µW/m².", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-1310" ] }, "related": [ "standards:fcc-mpe", "limits:icnirp-2020-public-2-300ghz" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/fcc-public-power-density-above-1-5-ghz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/fcc-public-power-density-above-1-5-ghz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/fcc-public-power-density-above-1-5-ghz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:fcc-mpe-public-300-1500", "collection": "limits", "slug": "fcc-public-power-density-300-1500-mhz", "name": "FCC general population MPE, 300–1500 MHz", "summary": "Frequency-dependent limit of f/1500 mW/cm², so the allowance rises with frequency across the low-band and mid-band cellular spectrum.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "fcc-mpe", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 300000000, "maxHz": 1500000000, "label": "300–1500 MHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 1800, "formula": "f/1500 mW/cm² (f in MHz)", "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 2000000, "max": 10000000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "0.2 mW/cm² at 300 MHz rising to 1.0 mW/cm² at 1500 MHz. At 700 MHz the limit is 0.467 mW/cm² (4,670,000 µW/m²).", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-1310" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/fcc-public-power-density-300-1500-mhz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/fcc-public-power-density-300-1500-mhz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/fcc-public-power-density-300-1500-mhz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:fcc-mpe-public-30-300", "collection": "limits", "slug": "fcc-public-limit-30-300-mhz", "name": "FCC general population MPE, 30–300 MHz", "summary": "The most restrictive RF band in the FCC table — 0.2 mW/cm², equivalently 27.5 V/m — covering FM broadcast, TV and land-mobile services.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "fcc-mpe", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "band": { "minHz": 30000000, "maxHz": 300000000, "label": "30–300 MHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 1800, "value": { "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "unit": "V/m", "value": 27.5, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "47 CFR 1.1310 Table 1(B) lists E = 27.5 V/m, H = 0.073 A/m and S = 0.2 mW/cm² for this band.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-1310" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/fcc-public-limit-30-300-mhz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/fcc-public-limit-30-300-mhz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/fcc-public-limit-30-300-mhz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:fcc-mpe-occupational-1500-100000", "collection": "limits", "slug": "fcc-occupational-power-density-above-1-5-ghz", "name": "FCC occupational MPE, 1.5–100 GHz", "summary": "5.0 mW/cm² averaged over 6 minutes for trained workers in controlled environments — five times the general-public allowance.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "fcc-mpe", "population": "occupational", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 1500000000, "maxHz": 100000000000, "label": "1500–100,000 MHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 360, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 50000000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Stated as 5.0 mW/cm² for occupational/controlled exposure.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-1310" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/fcc-occupational-power-density-above-1-5-ghz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/fcc-occupational-power-density-above-1-5-ghz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/fcc-occupational-power-density-above-1-5-ghz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "collection": "limits", "slug": "fcc-sar-limit-phones", "name": "FCC SAR limit for phones and portable devices", "summary": "1.6 W/kg averaged over any 1 gram of tissue — the number quoted on U.S. phone SAR sheets — plus 0.08 W/kg whole-body.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "fcc-mpe", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "band": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 6000000000, "label": "100 kHz–6 GHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 1800, "value": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.6, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Spatial peak SAR averaged over 1 g of tissue, per 47 CFR 2.1093 for general population/uncontrolled exposure.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-2-1093" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-2-1093", "title": "47 CFR § 2.1093 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable devices", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-2.1093", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-eas", "title": "Equipment Authorization Search (FCC ID lookup, includes SAR test reports)", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/fcc-sar-limit-phones", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/fcc-sar-limit-phones", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/fcc-sar-limit-phones.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:icnirp-2020-public-2-300ghz", "collection": "limits", "slug": "icnirp-public-power-density-above-2-ghz", "name": "ICNIRP 2020 general public reference level, 2–300 GHz", "summary": "10 W/m² incident power density averaged over 30 minutes and over the whole body — the reference level that 5G mid-band and Wi-Fi compliance is judged against outside the U.S.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "icnirp-2020", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 2000000000, "maxHz": 300000000000, "label": "2–300 GHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 1800, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 10000000, "basis": "guideline", "note": "10 W/m² = 1 mW/cm² = 10,000,000 µW/m², whole-body average.", "sourceIds": [ "icnirp-2020" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/icnirp-public-power-density-above-2-ghz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-public-power-density-above-2-ghz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-public-power-density-above-2-ghz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:icnirp-2020-public-400-2000", "collection": "limits", "slug": "icnirp-public-reference-level-400-2000-mhz", "name": "ICNIRP 2020 general public reference level, 400 MHz–2 GHz", "summary": "Frequency-scaled reference level f/200 W/m², giving 4.5 W/m² at 900 MHz and 9 W/m² at 1800 MHz.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "icnirp-2020", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 400000000, "maxHz": 2000000000, "label": "400–2000 MHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 1800, "formula": "f/200 W/m² (f in MHz)", "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 2000000, "max": 10000000, "basis": "guideline", "note": "2 W/m² at 400 MHz rising to 10 W/m² at 2000 MHz; 4,500,000 µW/m² at 900 MHz.", "sourceIds": [ "icnirp-2020" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "eu-1999-519", "title": "Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "Council of the European Union", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31999H0519", "year": 1999, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/icnirp-public-reference-level-400-2000-mhz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-public-reference-level-400-2000-mhz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-public-reference-level-400-2000-mhz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "collection": "limits", "slug": "icnirp-local-sar-limit", "name": "ICNIRP 2020 local SAR basic restriction (head and torso)", "summary": "2 W/kg averaged over 10 grams of tissue for the general public — a different averaging mass than the FCC's 1 g, which is why SAR numbers are not directly comparable between regions.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "icnirp-2020", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "band": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 6000000000, "label": "100 kHz–6 GHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 360, "value": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 2, "basis": "guideline", "note": "Local SAR head/torso, 10 g cube average. Limb local SAR is 4 W/kg; whole-body average is 0.08 W/kg.", "sourceIds": [ "icnirp-2020" ] }, "related": [ "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/icnirp-local-sar-limit", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-local-sar-limit", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-local-sar-limit.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-whole-body", "collection": "limits", "slug": "icnirp-whole-body-sar-limit", "name": "ICNIRP 2020 whole-body average SAR basic restriction", "summary": "0.08 W/kg for the general public and 0.4 W/kg occupational — the thermal basis from which every RF reference level is derived.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "icnirp-2020", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "band": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 300000000000, "label": "100 kHz–300 GHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 1800, "value": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.08, "basis": "guideline", "note": "Occupational whole-body restriction is 0.4 W/kg; the public value applies a further factor of 5.", "sourceIds": [ "icnirp-2020" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/icnirp-whole-body-sar-limit", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-whole-body-sar-limit", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-whole-body-sar-limit.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:icnirp-2010-public-magnetic-50-60", "collection": "limits", "slug": "icnirp-public-magnetic-field-50-60-hz", "name": "ICNIRP 2010 general public magnetic field reference level at 50/60 Hz", "summary": "200 µT (2000 mG) for the public and 1000 µT occupational — five orders of magnitude above typical household background.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "icnirp-2010", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "band": { "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60, "label": "50/60 Hz" }, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "µT", "value": 200, "basis": "guideline", "note": "200 µT = 2000 mG. The earlier ICNIRP 1998 public reference level of 100 µT is still the value used in EU Recommendation 1999/519/EC.", "sourceIds": [ "icnirp-2010" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2010", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/lf-guidelines-2010.html", "year": 2010, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/icnirp-public-magnetic-field-50-60-hz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-public-magnetic-field-50-60-hz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-public-magnetic-field-50-60-hz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:icnirp-2010-occupational-magnetic-50-60", "collection": "limits", "slug": "icnirp-occupational-magnetic-field-50-60-hz", "name": "ICNIRP 2010 occupational magnetic field reference level at 50/60 Hz", "summary": "1000 µT (10,000 mG) for workers — five times the public reference level, on the basis that an occupational population is informed, trained and supervised. It does not apply to the public or to a home.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "icnirp-2010", "population": "occupational", "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "band": { "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60, "label": "50/60 Hz" }, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "µT", "value": 1000, "basis": "guideline", "note": "1000 µT = 10,000 mG. Both reference levels derive from the same basic restriction on induced electric field in the body; the difference is the reduction factor applied, not a different biological threshold.", "sourceIds": [ "icnirp-2010" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2010", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/lf-guidelines-2010.html", "year": 2010, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/icnirp-occupational-magnetic-field-50-60-hz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-occupational-magnetic-field-50-60-hz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/icnirp-occupational-magnetic-field-50-60-hz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:eu-1999-519-magnetic-50hz", "collection": "limits", "slug": "eu-public-magnetic-field-50-hz", "name": "EU 1999/519/EC public magnetic field reference level, 50 Hz", "summary": "100 µT (1000 mG) magnetic flux density and 5 kV/m electric field strength at power frequency, the values still in force across the EU.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "eu-1999-519", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "band": { "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 50, "label": "50 Hz" }, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "µT", "value": 100, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Based on ICNIRP 1998. Accompanying electric field reference level is 5 kV/m.", "sourceIds": [ "eu-1999-519" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "eu-1999-519", "title": "Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "Council of the European Union", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31999H0519", "year": 1999, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/eu-public-magnetic-field-50-hz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/eu-public-magnetic-field-50-hz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/eu-public-magnetic-field-50-hz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:ch-onir-installation-mobile", "collection": "limits", "slug": "swiss-installation-limit-mobile-antennas", "name": "Swiss installation limit value for mobile phone antennas", "summary": "4–6 V/m at places of sensitive use depending on band — about 100 times lower in power density than ICNIRP's reference level.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "ch-onir", "population": "sensitive", "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "band": { "minHz": 800000000, "maxHz": 6000000000, "label": "mobile service bands" }, "value": { "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "unit": "V/m", "value": 4, "max": 6, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "4 V/m for installations operating below ~900 MHz, 6 V/m above ~1.8 GHz, 5 V/m for mixed-band installations. 6 V/m ≈ 95,500 µW/m² via S = E²/377.", "sourceIds": [ "ch-onir" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "ch-onir", "title": "Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (ONIR / NISV, SR 814.710)", "publisher": "Swiss Confederation", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/38/en", "year": 2000, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/swiss-installation-limit-mobile-antennas", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/swiss-installation-limit-mobile-antennas", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/swiss-installation-limit-mobile-antennas.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:ch-onir-power-lines", "collection": "limits", "slug": "swiss-installation-limit-power-lines", "name": "Swiss installation limit value for power lines", "summary": "1 µT (10 mG) magnetic flux density at places of sensitive use — the strictest power-frequency installation value in force in Europe.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "ch-onir", "population": "sensitive", "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "band": { "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 50, "label": "50 Hz" }, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "µT", "value": 1, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Applies to new installations at places of sensitive use; the Netherlands applies a 0.4 µT policy target for new power lines.", "sourceIds": [ "ch-onir", "sbm-2024" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "ch-onir", "title": "Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (ONIR / NISV, SR 814.710)", "publisher": "Swiss Confederation", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/38/en", "year": 2000, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/swiss-installation-limit-power-lines", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/swiss-installation-limit-power-lines", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/swiss-installation-limit-power-lines.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:sbm-2024-rf-no-anomaly", "collection": "limits", "slug": "building-biology-rf-no-anomaly", "name": "Building Biology SBM-2024 RF band: no anomaly", "summary": "Below 0.1 µW/m² peak per RF source in a sleeping area is graded 'no anomaly' — a precautionary target eight orders of magnitude below the FCC limit.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "sbm-2024", "population": "sensitive", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 300000000000, "label": "per single RF source, peak" }, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 0, "max": 0.1, "basis": "precautionary", "note": "SBM bands per single source, peak measurement: <0.1 no anomaly, 0.1–10 weak, 10–1000 strong, >1000 extreme anomaly. These are assessment grades, not exposure limits.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, "related": [ "standards:sbm-2024" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/building-biology-rf-no-anomaly", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/building-biology-rf-no-anomaly", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/building-biology-rf-no-anomaly.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:sbm-2024-rf-extreme", "collection": "limits", "slug": "building-biology-rf-extreme-anomaly", "name": "Building Biology SBM-2024 RF band: extreme anomaly", "summary": "Above 1000 µW/m² peak from a single RF source in a sleeping area is graded 'extreme anomaly' and triggers a remediation recommendation.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "sbm-2024", "population": "sensitive", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 300000000000, "label": "per single RF source, peak" }, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 1000, "basis": "precautionary", "note": "Pulsed and broadband sources (GSM, DECT, WLAN, LTE, 5G) should be judged more strictly than non-pulsed sources of the same power density.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/building-biology-rf-extreme-anomaly", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/building-biology-rf-extreme-anomaly", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/building-biology-rf-extreme-anomaly.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:sbm-2024-magnetic-bands", "collection": "limits", "slug": "building-biology-ac-magnetic-bands", "name": "Building Biology SBM-2024 AC magnetic field bands", "summary": "Sleeping-area grades at 50/60 Hz: below 0.2 mG no anomaly, 0.2–1 mG weak, 1–5 mG strong, above 5 mG extreme.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "sbm-2024", "population": "sensitive", "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "band": { "minHz": 16.7, "maxHz": 2000, "label": "power frequency and harmonics" }, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 0.2, "max": 5, "basis": "precautionary", "note": "Equivalent in nT: <20 / 20–100 / 100–500 / >500. Harmonics from ~2 kHz to 1 MHz are graded more severely, by a factor of roughly 10–100.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/building-biology-ac-magnetic-bands", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/building-biology-ac-magnetic-bands", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/building-biology-ac-magnetic-bands.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:sbm-2024-electric-bands", "collection": "limits", "slug": "building-biology-ac-electric-bands", "name": "Building Biology SBM-2024 AC electric field bands", "summary": "Sleeping-area grades with ground reference: below 1 V/m no anomaly, 1–5 weak, 5–50 strong, above 50 V/m extreme; body voltage below 10 mV is 'no anomaly'.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "sbm-2024", "population": "sensitive", "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "band": { "minHz": 16.7, "maxHz": 2000, "label": "power frequency and harmonics" }, "value": { "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "unit": "V/m", "value": 1, "max": 50, "basis": "precautionary", "note": "Body voltage bands with ground reference: <10 / 10–100 / 100–1000 / >1000 mV. Field strength without ground reference: <0.3 / 0.3–1.5 / 1.5–10 / >10 V/m.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/building-biology-ac-electric-bands", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/building-biology-ac-electric-bands", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/building-biology-ac-electric-bands.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:europaem-2016-wifi-night", "collection": "limits", "slug": "europaem-target-value-wlan-night", "name": "EUROPAEM 2016 night-time target value for WLAN and similar pulsed sources", "summary": "10 µW/m² at night for GPRS, DAB+ and WLAN-type sources, 100 µW/m² daytime, 0.1 µW/m² for sensitive individuals.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "europaem-2016", "population": "sensitive", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 900000000, "maxHz": 6000000000, "label": "pulsed digital services" }, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 10, "basis": "precautionary", "note": "EUROPAEM differentiates by technology: FM broadcasting 10,000 µW/m² day / 1000 night; TETRA and DVB-T 1000 day / 100 night; GPRS, DAB+, WLAN 100 day / 10 night.", "sourceIds": [ "europaem-2016", "sbm-2024" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "europaem-2016", "title": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems", "publisher": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/library/blog-en/97-europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "year": 2016, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/europaem-target-value-wlan-night", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/europaem-target-value-wlan-night", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/europaem-target-value-wlan-night.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:who-elf-leukaemia-association", "collection": "limits", "slug": "who-elf-0-3-0-4-microtesla-association", "name": "WHO/IARC ELF magnetic field association threshold (0.3–0.4 µT)", "summary": "The average daily exposure level above which pooled epidemiological studies report an association with childhood leukaemia, and the basis for the IARC Group 2B classification of ELF magnetic fields.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "who-elf-evidence", "population": "sensitive", "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "band": { "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60, "label": "50/60 Hz" }, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "µT", "value": 0.3, "max": 0.4, "basis": "measured", "method": "Pooled analyses of residential exposure epidemiology cited by WHO and IARC.", "note": "0.3–0.4 µT = 3–4 mG. This is an epidemiological association, not an established causal threshold, and is far below all regulatory limits.", "sourceIds": [ "who-elf", "iarc-monograph-80" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "iarc-monograph-80", "title": "IARC Monographs Volume 80: Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "url": "https://publications.iarc.who.int/98", "year": 2002, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/who-elf-0-3-0-4-microtesla-association", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/who-elf-0-3-0-4-microtesla-association", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/who-elf-0-3-0-4-microtesla-association.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:sc6-public-300-6000", "collection": "limits", "slug": "safety-code-6-public-300-6000-mhz", "name": "Safety Code 6 uncontrolled reference level, 300–6000 MHz", "summary": "Frequency-dependent power density of 0.02619 f^0.6834 W/m² (f in MHz) — 4.56 W/m² at 1900 MHz and 5.42 W/m² at 2450 MHz, so Canada is somewhat stricter than ICNIRP across the cellular and Wi-Fi bands.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "hc-safety-code-6", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 300000000, "maxHz": 6000000000, "label": "300–6000 MHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 360, "formula": "0.02619 f^0.6834 W/m² (f in MHz)", "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 1290000, "max": 10000000, "basis": "guideline", "note": "Safety Code 6 (2015) Table 5, uncontrolled environments. The range is the band edges: 1.29 W/m² at 300 MHz to 10 W/m² at 6000 MHz. Worked values inside the band: 4.56 W/m² at 1900 MHz, 5.42 W/m² at 2450 MHz, 6.92 W/m² at 3500 MHz. The equivalent electric field is 3.142 f^0.3417 V/m (41.5 V/m at 1900 MHz).", "sourceIds": [ "hc-safety-code-6", "hc-safety-code-6-pdf" ] }, "related": [ "standards:hc-safety-code-6", "limits:icnirp-2020-public-2-300ghz" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "hc-safety-code-6", "title": "Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Energy in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz (Safety Code 6)", "publisher": "Health Canada", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-risks-safety/limits-human-exposure-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-energy-range-3-300.html", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "hc-safety-code-6-pdf", "title": "Safety Code 6 (2015), H129-48/2015E-PDF — official PDF edition", "publisher": "Government of Canada Publications", "url": "https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/sc-hc/H129-48-2015-eng.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/safety-code-6-public-300-6000-mhz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/safety-code-6-public-300-6000-mhz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/safety-code-6-public-300-6000-mhz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:sc6-public-6-15ghz", "collection": "limits", "slug": "safety-code-6-public-6-15-ghz", "name": "Safety Code 6 uncontrolled reference level, 6–15 GHz", "summary": "10 W/m² (61.4 V/m) averaged over 6 minutes — the flat plateau above 6 GHz, identical to the ICNIRP figure.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "hc-safety-code-6", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 6000000000, "maxHz": 15000000000, "label": "6000–15,000 MHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 360, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 10000000, "basis": "guideline", "note": "Safety Code 6 (2015) Table 5 lists E = 61.4 V/m, H = 0.163 A/m and S = 10 W/m² for uncontrolled environments in this band; the controlled-environment plateau is 50 W/m².", "sourceIds": [ "hc-safety-code-6", "hc-safety-code-6-pdf" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "hc-safety-code-6", "title": "Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Energy in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz (Safety Code 6)", "publisher": "Health Canada", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-risks-safety/limits-human-exposure-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-energy-range-3-300.html", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "hc-safety-code-6-pdf", "title": "Safety Code 6 (2015), H129-48/2015E-PDF — official PDF edition", "publisher": "Government of Canada Publications", "url": "https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/sc-hc/H129-48-2015-eng.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/safety-code-6-public-6-15-ghz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/safety-code-6-public-6-15-ghz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/safety-code-6-public-6-15-ghz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:sc6-sar-basic-restriction", "collection": "limits", "slug": "safety-code-6-sar-limits", "name": "Safety Code 6 SAR basic restrictions (uncontrolled)", "summary": "0.08 W/kg whole-body average, with peak spatially-averaged limits of 1.6 W/kg for head, neck and trunk and 4.0 W/kg for limbs — the same headline figure as the U.S.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "hc-safety-code-6", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "band": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 6000000000, "label": "100 kHz–6 GHz" }, "value": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.6, "basis": "guideline", "note": "Uncontrolled-environment basic restrictions: whole-body average 0.08 W/kg; peak spatially-averaged 1.6 W/kg (head, neck, trunk) and 4.0 W/kg (limbs). Controlled-environment values are 0.4, 8 and 20 W/kg. SAR takes precedence over the field-strength reference levels from 100 kHz to 6 GHz.", "sourceIds": [ "hc-safety-code-6", "hc-safety-code-6-pdf" ] }, "related": [ "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "hc-safety-code-6", "title": "Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Energy in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz (Safety Code 6)", "publisher": "Health Canada", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-risks-safety/limits-human-exposure-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-energy-range-3-300.html", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "hc-safety-code-6-pdf", "title": "Safety Code 6 (2015), H129-48/2015E-PDF — official PDF edition", "publisher": "Government of Canada Publications", "url": "https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/sc-hc/H129-48-2015-eng.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/safety-code-6-sar-limits", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/safety-code-6-sar-limits", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/safety-code-6-sar-limits.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:ofcom-public-2-300ghz", "collection": "limits", "slug": "uk-public-power-density-above-2-ghz", "name": "UK enforceable general-public limit, 2–300 GHz", "summary": "10 W/m² — the ICNIRP 2020 public reference level, made enforceable in the UK by the Ofcom EMF licence condition rather than by a UK-specific number.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "ofcom-emf-condition", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 2000000000, "maxHz": 300000000000, "label": "2–300 GHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 1800, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 10000000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "The value is ICNIRP's; the enforceability is Ofcom's. The condition applies to licensees authorised above 10 W EIRP (6.1 W ERP) and covers exposure of the general public only.", "sourceIds": [ "ofcom-emf-policy", "icnirp-2020" ] }, "related": [ "standards:ofcom-emf-condition", "limits:icnirp-2020-public-2-300ghz" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ofcom-emf-policy", "title": "Ofcom's rules on EMF exposure (EMF licence condition)", "publisher": "Ofcom", "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/electromagnetic-fields/policy", "year": 2021, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ofcom-emf-guidance", "title": "Guidance on EMF compliance and enforcement", "publisher": "Ofcom", "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/electromagnetic-fields/compliance-and-enforcement-guidance", "year": 2021, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/uk-public-power-density-above-2-ghz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/uk-public-power-density-above-2-ghz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/uk-public-power-density-above-2-ghz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:arpansa-public-2-300ghz", "collection": "limits", "slug": "australia-public-power-density-above-2-ghz", "name": "Australian general-public limit, 2–300 GHz", "summary": "10 W/m² incident power density, adopted from ICNIRP 2020 by ARPANSA RPS S-1 and binding through licence conditions and the ACMA device standard.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "arpansa-rps-s1", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 2000000000, "maxHz": 300000000000, "label": "2–300 GHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 1800, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 10000000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "RPS S-1 (Rev. 1) aligns Australia with the ICNIRP 2020 whole-body reference levels; RPS 3 (2002), based on ICNIRP 1998, is withdrawn.", "sourceIds": [ "arpansa-rps-s1", "icnirp-2020" ] }, "related": [ "standards:arpansa-rps-s1", "organizations:arpansa" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "arpansa-rps-s1", "title": "Standard for Limiting Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields — 100 kHz to 300 GHz, RPS S-1 (Rev. 1)", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/regulation-and-licensing/regulatory-publications/radiation-protection-series/codes-and-standards/rpss-1", "year": 2021, "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "acma-eme-standard", "title": "Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation — Human Exposure) Standard 2014", "publisher": "Australian Communications and Media Authority (Federal Register of Legislation)", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2014L00960/asmade/2014-07-07/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html", "year": 2014, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/australia-public-power-density-above-2-ghz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/australia-public-power-density-above-2-ghz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/australia-public-power-density-above-2-ghz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:india-public-400-2000", "collection": "limits", "slug": "india-base-station-limit-400-2000-mhz", "name": "India base-station limit, 400–2000 MHz", "summary": "f/2000 W/m² (f in MHz) — 0.45 W/m² at 900 MHz and 0.9 W/m² at 1800 MHz, one tenth of the ICNIRP figure for the same band.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "india-dot-emf", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 400000000, "maxHz": 2000000000, "label": "400–2000 MHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 360, "formula": "f/2000 W/m² (f in MHz)", "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 200000, "max": 1000000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "The range is the band edges: 0.2 W/m² at 400 MHz to 1 W/m² at 2000 MHz. DoT norms state 0.45 W/m² at 900 MHz, 0.9 W/m² at 1800 MHz and 1 W/m² at 2100 MHz and above. Equivalent electric field is 0.434 √f V/m (18.4 V/m at 1800 MHz).", "sourceIds": [ "india-tarang-norms", "india-dgt-emf" ] }, "related": [ "standards:india-dot-emf", "emitters:macro-cell-tower" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "india-tarang-norms", "title": "EMF radiation norms (Tarang Sanchar portal)", "publisher": "Department of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://tarangsanchar.gov.in/EMFPortalHi/DoT/EMFRadiationNorms", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "india-dgt-emf", "title": "Public awareness — EMF exposure limits from mobile towers", "publisher": "Directorate General of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://dgtelecom.gov.in/public-awareness/", "year": 2013, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/india-base-station-limit-400-2000-mhz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/india-base-station-limit-400-2000-mhz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/india-base-station-limit-400-2000-mhz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:india-public-2-300ghz", "collection": "limits", "slug": "india-base-station-limit-above-2-ghz", "name": "India base-station limit, 2–300 GHz", "summary": "1 W/m² (19.29 V/m) for base-station emissions — a tenth of the ICNIRP public reference level, and the limit that applies to 2100 MHz and 5G mid-band sites.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "india-dot-emf", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 2000000000, "maxHz": 300000000000, "label": "2–300 GHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 360, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 1000000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Stated as 1 W/m² with E = 19.29 V/m and H = 0.05 A/m. Applies to base-station emissions; handsets are governed by the separate 1.6 W/kg over 1 g SAR limit.", "sourceIds": [ "india-tarang-norms", "india-dgt-emf" ] }, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-public-2-300ghz", "limits:india-public-400-2000" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "india-tarang-norms", "title": "EMF radiation norms (Tarang Sanchar portal)", "publisher": "Department of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://tarangsanchar.gov.in/EMFPortalHi/DoT/EMFRadiationNorms", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "india-dgt-emf", "title": "Public awareness — EMF exposure limits from mobile towers", "publisher": "Directorate General of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://dgtelecom.gov.in/public-awareness/", "year": 2013, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/india-base-station-limit-above-2-ghz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/india-base-station-limit-above-2-ghz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/india-base-station-limit-above-2-ghz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:china-public-30-3000", "collection": "limits", "slug": "china-public-limit-30-3000-mhz", "name": "China public limit, 30–3000 MHz", "summary": "12 V/m, equivalently 0.4 W/m², across the FM, TV, and sub-3 GHz cellular and Wi-Fi bands — the strictest widely enforced national limit in that range apart from Russia's.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "china-gb-8702", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 30000000, "maxHz": 3000000000, "label": "30–3000 MHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 360, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 400000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "GB 8702-2014 Table 1 lists E = 12 V/m, H = 0.032 A/m, B = 0.04 µT and Seq = 0.4 W/m² for this band, as RMS over any continuous 6-minute interval.", "sourceIds": [ "china-gb-8702" ] }, "related": [ "standards:china-gb-8702", "limits:icnirp-2020-public-400-2000" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "china-gb-8702", "title": "GB 8702-2014 电磁环境控制限值 (Controlling limits for electromagnetic environment)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/hxxhj/dcfsbz/201410/t20141022_290449.htm", "year": 2014, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/china-public-limit-30-3000-mhz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/china-public-limit-30-3000-mhz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/china-public-limit-30-3000-mhz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:china-public-3-15ghz", "collection": "limits", "slug": "china-public-limit-3-15-ghz", "name": "China public limit, 3–15 GHz", "summary": "f/7500 W/m² (f in MHz), so 0.47 W/m² at 3.5 GHz and 0.77 W/m² at 5.8 GHz — the band that covers 5G mid-band and 5 GHz Wi-Fi.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "china-gb-8702", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 3000000000, "maxHz": 15000000000, "label": "3000–15,000 MHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 360, "formula": "f/7500 W/m² (f in MHz)", "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 400000, "max": 2000000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "GB 8702-2014 Table 1: E = 0.22 √f V/m and Seq = f/7500 W/m² from 3–15 GHz, then a flat 27 V/m and 2 W/m² from 15–300 GHz. The range is the band edges: 0.4 W/m² at 3 GHz to 2 W/m² at 15 GHz; 0.467 W/m² at 3500 MHz.", "sourceIds": [ "china-gb-8702" ] } }, "sources": [ { "id": "china-gb-8702", "title": "GB 8702-2014 电磁环境控制限值 (Controlling limits for electromagnetic environment)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/hxxhj/dcfsbz/201410/t20141022_290449.htm", "year": 2014, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/china-public-limit-3-15-ghz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/china-public-limit-3-15-ghz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/china-public-limit-3-15-ghz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:china-public-magnetic-50hz", "collection": "limits", "slug": "china-public-power-frequency-limits", "name": "China public limit at 50 Hz (power frequency)", "summary": "100 µT magnetic flux density and 4 kV/m electric field for public exposure at 50 Hz, with 10 kV/m allowed on farmland and roads beneath overhead transmission lines.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "china-gb-8702", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "band": { "minHz": 25, "maxHz": 1200, "label": "0.025–1.2 kHz" }, "formula": "B = 5/f µT and E = 200/f V/m (f in kHz)", "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "µT", "value": 100, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "GB 8702-2014 Table 1 gives B = 5/f µT and E = 200/f V/m with f in kHz, so at 50 Hz (0.05 kHz) the values are 100 µT (1000 mG) and 4000 V/m (4 kV/m). Note 4 permits 10 kV/m at 50 Hz on cultivated land, pasture, aquaculture surfaces and roads under overhead lines, with warning signage. The same figure as the EU recommendation, and half the ICNIRP 2010 level.", "sourceIds": [ "china-gb-8702" ] }, "related": [ "limits:eu-1999-519-magnetic-50hz", "limits:icnirp-2010-public-magnetic-50-60" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "china-gb-8702", "title": "GB 8702-2014 电磁环境控制限值 (Controlling limits for electromagnetic environment)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/hxxhj/dcfsbz/201410/t20141022_290449.htm", "year": 2014, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/china-public-power-frequency-limits", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/china-public-power-frequency-limits", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/china-public-power-frequency-limits.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:russia-public-300mhz-300ghz", "collection": "limits", "slug": "russia-public-limit-above-300-mhz", "name": "Russia public limit, 300 MHz–300 GHz", "summary": "10 µW/cm² (0.1 W/m², or 100,000 µW/m²) time-averaged power flux density — roughly a hundredth of the ICNIRP public reference level and the strictest national RF limit in wide use.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "russia-sanpin-rf", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "power-density", "band": { "minHz": 300000000, "maxHz": 300000000000, "label": "0.3–300 GHz" }, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 100000, "max": 250000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "SanPiN table for the population states 10 µW/cm²; 1 µW/cm² = 10,000 µW/m², so 10 µW/cm² = 0.1 W/m². A separate 25 µW/cm² entry applies in the qualified case noted in the table. Assessment is by average power flux density in this range.", "sourceIds": [ "russia-sanpin-1383", "russia-sanpin-2021" ] }, "related": [ "standards:russia-sanpin-rf", "limits:icnirp-2020-public-2-300ghz" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "russia-sanpin-1383", "title": "СанПиН 2.1.8/2.2.4.1383-03, приложение 1, таблица 2 — ПДУ ЭМП 30 кГц–300 ГГц для населения", "publisher": "Главный государственный санитарный врач РФ (via ConsultantPlus)", "url": "https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_43243/b80f2a134eb7436dbdb5ff9efd13bd96e1a2e452/", "year": 2003, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "russia-sanpin-2021", "title": "СанПиН 1.2.3685-21 — Гигиенические нормативы и требования к обеспечению безопасности факторов среды обитания", "publisher": "Роспотребнадзор (via ConsultantPlus)", "url": "https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_375839/", "year": 2021, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/russia-public-limit-above-300-mhz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/russia-public-limit-above-300-mhz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/russia-public-limit-above-300-mhz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:russia-public-30-300mhz", "collection": "limits", "slug": "russia-public-limit-30-300-mhz", "name": "Russia public limit, 30–300 MHz", "summary": "3 V/m electric field strength for the population — the lowest broadcast-band public limit of any major jurisdiction, about a tenth of the FCC value.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "russia-sanpin-rf", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "band": { "minHz": 30000000, "maxHz": 300000000, "label": "30–300 MHz" }, "value": { "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "unit": "V/m", "value": 3, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "The population table gives 25 V/m (30–300 kHz), 15 V/m (0.3–3 MHz), 10 V/m (3–30 MHz) and 3 V/m (30–300 MHz). 3 V/m corresponds to about 0.024 W/m² in the far field.", "sourceIds": [ "russia-sanpin-1383" ] }, "related": [ "limits:fcc-mpe-public-30-300" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "russia-sanpin-1383", "title": "СанПиН 2.1.8/2.2.4.1383-03, приложение 1, таблица 2 — ПДУ ЭМП 30 кГц–300 ГГц для населения", "publisher": "Главный государственный санитарный врач РФ (via ConsultantPlus)", "url": "https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_43243/b80f2a134eb7436dbdb5ff9efd13bd96e1a2e452/", "year": 2003, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "russia-sanpin-2021", "title": "СанПиН 1.2.3685-21 — Гигиенические нормативы и требования к обеспечению безопасности факторов среды обитания", "publisher": "Роспотребнадзор (via ConsultantPlus)", "url": "https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_375839/", "year": 2021, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/russia-public-limit-30-300-mhz", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/russia-public-limit-30-300-mhz", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/russia-public-limit-30-300-mhz.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:italy-attention-value-15vm", "collection": "limits", "slug": "italy-attention-value-15-v-m", "name": "Italy attention value and quality objective (15 V/m)", "summary": "The precautionary tier of Italian law, raised from 6 V/m to 15 V/m on 30 April 2024: it applies inside buildings occupied four or more hours a day and outdoors in intensively frequented areas.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "italy-dpcm-2003", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "band": { "minHz": 100000, "maxHz": 300000000000, "label": "100 kHz–300 GHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 360, "value": { "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "unit": "V/m", "value": 15, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Article 10 of Law 214/2023 raised the attention value and the quality objective from 6 V/m to 15 V/m with effect from 30 April 2024, pending alignment with European limits; 15 V/m is about 0.6 W/m². The 6 V/m figure still circulating online is the pre-2024 value.", "sourceIds": [ "italy-mimit-15vm", "italy-arpa-piemonte-15vm" ] }, "related": [ "standards:italy-dpcm-2003", "glossary:attention-value" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "italy-mimit-15vm", "title": "Adeguamento dei limiti dei campi elettromagnetici (15 V/m)", "publisher": "Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy", "url": "https://www.mimit.gov.it/it/notizie-stampa/adeguamento-dei-limiti-dei-campi-elettromagnetici", "year": 2024, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "italy-arpa-piemonte-15vm", "title": "Aumentano i controlli di Arpa in seguito all'aumento dei limiti di campo elettromagnetico", "publisher": "Arpa Piemonte", "url": "https://www.arpa.piemonte.it/notizia/aumentano-controlli-arpa-seguito-allaumento-dei-limiti-campo-elettromagnetico-per", "year": 2024, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "italy-dpcm-2003", "title": "DPCM 8 luglio 2003 — limiti di esposizione, valori di attenzione e obiettivi di qualità, 100 kHz–300 GHz", "publisher": "Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 199/2003)", "url": "https://corecom.consrc.it/hp2/doc/D.P.C.M.8_luglio2003.pdf", "year": 2003, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/italy-attention-value-15-v-m", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/italy-attention-value-15-v-m", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/italy-attention-value-15-v-m.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } }, { "id": "limits:italy-exposure-limit-20vm", "collection": "limits", "slug": "italy-exposure-limit-20-v-m", "name": "Italy exposure limit, 3 MHz–3 GHz (20 V/m)", "summary": "The non-precautionary tier: 20 V/m (about 1 W/m²) as the exposure limit for public exposure to fixed installations between 3 MHz and 3 GHz, unchanged by the 2024 amendment.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "standardId": "italy-dpcm-2003", "population": "general-public", "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "band": { "minHz": 3000000, "maxHz": 3000000000, "label": "3 MHz–3 GHz" }, "averagingSeconds": 360, "value": { "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "unit": "V/m", "value": 20, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "DPCM 8 July 2003, Annex B Table 1 (exposure limits) — 20 V/m in the 3 MHz–3 GHz band, equivalent to about 1.06 W/m² in the far field. Italy's exposure limit remains well below the 61 V/m EU/ICNIRP reference level for the same band.", "sourceIds": [ "italy-dpcm-2003" ] }, "related": [ "limits:italy-attention-value-15vm", "standards:eu-1999-519" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "italy-dpcm-2003", "title": "DPCM 8 luglio 2003 — limiti di esposizione, valori di attenzione e obiettivi di qualità, 100 kHz–300 GHz", "publisher": "Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 199/2003)", "url": "https://corecom.consrc.it/hp2/doc/D.P.C.M.8_luglio2003.pdf", "year": 2003, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits/italy-exposure-limit-20-v-m", "html": "https://emfbase.com/limits/italy-exposure-limit-20-v-m", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/limits/italy-exposure-limit-20-v-m.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/limits" } } ] }, "quantities": { "collection": "quantities", "name": "Quantities & units", "description": "The physical quantities used in EMF work, their units, exact conversion factors, and the formulas relating them.", "count": 7, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "quantities:magnetic-flux-density", "collection": "quantities", "slug": "magnetic-flux-density", "name": "Magnetic flux density", "summary": "The quantity an ELF gaussmeter reports, expressed in milligauss or microtesla, used to assess wiring, transformers and power lines. 1 µT = 10 mG.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "B field", "magnetic field", "gauss", "tesla" ], "quantityId": "magnetic-flux-density", "symbol": "B", "siUnit": "T", "units": [ { "symbol": "T", "name": "tesla", "toBase": 1 }, { "symbol": "mT", "name": "millitesla", "toBase": 0.001 }, { "symbol": "µT", "name": "microtesla", "toBase": 0.000001 }, { "symbol": "nT", "name": "nanotesla", "toBase": 1e-9 }, { "symbol": "G", "name": "gauss", "toBase": 0.0001 }, { "symbol": "mG", "name": "milligauss", "toBase": 1e-7 } ], "measures": "Magnetic component of a low-frequency field. Passes through walls and almost all shielding materials, so mitigation is by distance or by fixing the current imbalance that creates it.", "conversions": [ { "to": "magnetic-flux-density", "formula": "H (A/m) = B (µT) / 1.25663706", "note": "Magnetic field strength H relates to flux density B by the permeability of free space, µ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m. 1 A/m ≈ 1.2566 µT in air." } ], "related": [ "limits:sbm-2024-magnetic-bands", "limits:icnirp-2010-public-magnetic-50-60" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nist-si", "title": "The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities/magnetic-flux-density", "html": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/magnetic-flux-density", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/magnetic-flux-density.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities" } }, { "id": "quantities:electric-field-strength", "collection": "quantities", "slug": "electric-field-strength", "name": "Electric field strength", "summary": "Volts per metre, reported both for power-frequency electric fields near wiring and for radiofrequency fields near transmitters.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "E field", "V/m", "volts per meter" ], "quantityId": "electric-field-strength", "symbol": "E", "siUnit": "V/m", "units": [ { "symbol": "kV/m", "name": "kilovolt per metre", "toBase": 1000 }, { "symbol": "V/m", "name": "volt per metre", "toBase": 1 }, { "symbol": "mV/m", "name": "millivolt per metre", "toBase": 0.001 }, { "symbol": "µV/m", "name": "microvolt per metre", "toBase": 0.000001 } ], "measures": "Electric component of the field. At power frequency it is easily blocked by grounded conductive surfaces; at radiofrequency it is one of two interchangeable ways to express far-field exposure.", "conversions": [ { "to": "power-density", "formula": "S (W/m²) = E² / 377", "note": "Valid in the far field of an antenna, where the wave impedance equals the impedance of free space, 376.73 Ω. Not valid within a wavelength of the source." }, { "to": "electric-field-strength", "formula": "dBµV/m = 20 · log₁₀(E in µV/m)", "note": "Logarithmic form used by spectrum analysers and EMC test equipment." } ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nist-si", "title": "The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities/electric-field-strength", "html": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/electric-field-strength", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/electric-field-strength.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities" } }, { "id": "quantities:power-density", "collection": "quantities", "slug": "power-density", "name": "Power density", "summary": "Radiofrequency energy flow per unit area — µW/m² on consumer RF meters, mW/cm² in FCC rules, W/m² in ICNIRP guidelines. 1 mW/cm² = 10 W/m² = 10,000,000 µW/m².", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "S", "power flux density", "µW/m²", "mW/cm²" ], "quantityId": "power-density", "symbol": "S", "siUnit": "W/m²", "units": [ { "symbol": "W/m²", "name": "watt per square metre", "toBase": 1 }, { "symbol": "mW/m²", "name": "milliwatt per square metre", "toBase": 0.001 }, { "symbol": "µW/m²", "name": "microwatt per square metre", "toBase": 0.000001 }, { "symbol": "mW/cm²", "name": "milliwatt per square centimetre", "toBase": 10 }, { "symbol": "µW/cm²", "name": "microwatt per square centimetre", "toBase": 0.01 } ], "measures": "Radiofrequency exposure in the far field. The single most confused quantity in EMF discussion, because regulators, guideline bodies and consumer meters each prefer a different unit and differ by factors of 10,000 or more.", "conversions": [ { "to": "electric-field-strength", "formula": "E (V/m) = √(S (W/m²) × 377)", "note": "Far-field relation. 1 V/m ≈ 2653 µW/m²; 6 V/m ≈ 95,500 µW/m²; 61 V/m ≈ 10 W/m²." }, { "to": "power-density", "formula": "S = EIRP / (4πd²)", "note": "Free-space power density at distance d from an isotropic radiator of a given equivalent isotropically radiated power. Ignores reflections, absorption and antenna pattern, so it is an upper-bound estimate on boresight and an over-estimate elsewhere." } ], "related": [ "limits:fcc-mpe-public-1500-100000", "limits:sbm-2024-rf-no-anomaly" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nist-si", "title": "The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities/power-density", "html": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/power-density", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/power-density.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities" } }, { "id": "quantities:specific-absorption-rate", "collection": "quantities", "slug": "specific-absorption-rate", "name": "Specific absorption rate (SAR)", "summary": "Watts of RF power absorbed per kilogram of tissue — the dosimetric quantity behind phone compliance testing, limited to 1.6 W/kg over 1 g in the U.S. and 2 W/kg over 10 g under ICNIRP.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "SAR", "W/kg" ], "quantityId": "specific-absorption-rate", "symbol": "SAR", "siUnit": "W/kg", "units": [ { "symbol": "W/kg", "name": "watt per kilogram", "toBase": 1 }, { "symbol": "mW/g", "name": "milliwatt per gram", "toBase": 1 }, { "symbol": "mW/kg", "name": "milliwatt per kilogram", "toBase": 0.001 } ], "measures": "Energy absorption in tissue during near-field exposure, measured in a liquid-filled phantom at maximum transmit power. Because the U.S. averages over 1 g and ICNIRP over 10 g, the two published numbers for the same phone are not comparable.", "related": [ "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-2-1093", "title": "47 CFR § 2.1093 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable devices", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-2.1093", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities/specific-absorption-rate", "html": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/specific-absorption-rate", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/specific-absorption-rate.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities" } }, { "id": "quantities:body-voltage", "collection": "quantities", "slug": "body-voltage", "name": "Body voltage", "summary": "Millivolts induced on a person by nearby power-frequency electric fields, measured against a ground reference; the metric building biologists use to judge bedroom wiring.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "body voltage measurement", "mV body voltage" ], "quantityId": "body-voltage", "symbol": "U", "siUnit": "V", "units": [ { "symbol": "V", "name": "volt", "toBase": 1 }, { "symbol": "mV", "name": "millivolt", "toBase": 0.001 } ], "measures": "Capacitive coupling between household wiring and the body. It is a proxy for the local AC electric field and depends strongly on grounding method, so readings are only comparable when the protocol is identical.", "related": [ "limits:sbm-2024-electric-bands", "protocols:body-voltage-survey" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities/body-voltage", "html": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/body-voltage", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/body-voltage.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities" } }, { "id": "quantities:attenuation", "collection": "quantities", "slug": "shielding-attenuation", "name": "Shielding attenuation", "summary": "Decibels of field reduction provided by a material. Every 10 dB is a factor of 10 in power density: 30 dB removes 99.9%, 10 dB removes 90%.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "dB attenuation", "shielding effectiveness" ], "quantityId": "attenuation", "symbol": "A", "siUnit": "dB", "units": [ { "symbol": "dB", "name": "decibel", "toBase": 1 } ], "measures": "Ratio of incident to transmitted field, band-dependent and geometry-dependent. Manufacturer dB figures are measured on flat samples in a test fixture; installed performance is usually lower because of seams, edges and reflections.", "conversions": [ { "to": "power-density", "formula": "S_after = S_before / 10^(dB/10)", "note": "For field strength in V/m the divisor is 10^(dB/20)." } ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nist-si", "title": "The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities/shielding-attenuation", "html": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/shielding-attenuation", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/shielding-attenuation.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities" } }, { "id": "quantities:frequency", "collection": "quantities", "slug": "frequency", "name": "Frequency", "summary": "Cycles per second, the axis that determines which limit applies, which meter can see the signal, and which shielding works.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Hz", "GHz", "MHz" ], "quantityId": "frequency", "symbol": "f", "siUnit": "Hz", "units": [ { "symbol": "Hz", "name": "hertz", "toBase": 1 }, { "symbol": "kHz", "name": "kilohertz", "toBase": 1000 }, { "symbol": "MHz", "name": "megahertz", "toBase": 1000000 }, { "symbol": "GHz", "name": "gigahertz", "toBase": 1000000000 } ], "measures": "Signal repetition rate. EMF work splits at roughly 100 kHz: below it, effects and limits are about nerve stimulation and fields are treated as electric and magnetic separately; above it, limits are about energy absorption and the two components are linked." }, "sources": [ { "id": "nist-si", "title": "The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities/frequency", "html": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/frequency", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/quantities/frequency.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/quantities" } } ] }, "emitters": { "collection": "emitters", "name": "Sources & emitters", "description": "Everyday EMF sources with emission bands, transmit power, duty cycle, field strength by distance, and mitigations ordered by effectiveness.", "count": 28, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "emitters:wifi-router", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "wifi-router", "name": "Wi-Fi router (2.4 / 5 / 6 GHz)", "summary": "A consumer access point radiating roughly 100 mW EIRP per band, giving about 8,000 µW/m² at 1 m and 80 µW/m² at 10 m in free space.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "wireless access point", "WLAN router", "modem router" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "home", "workplace", "school" ], "bands": [ { "label": "2.4 GHz ISM", "minHz": 2400000000, "maxHz": 2483500000 }, { "label": "5 GHz U-NII", "minHz": 5150000000, "maxHz": 5895000000 }, { "label": "6 GHz U-NII (Wi-Fi 6E/7)", "minHz": 5925000000, "maxHz": 7125000000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 0.1, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "100 mW is typical for consumer access points. 47 CFR Part 15 permits up to 1 W conducted power in the 2.4 GHz band for some configurations, so high-power or multi-radio units can be an order of magnitude higher.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Beacon frames transmit continuously at low duty cycle even with no clients; duty cycle rises with traffic. Peak-hold readings therefore exceed time-averaged readings substantially.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 88400, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.1 W, d = 0.3 m", "note": "Within one wavelength at 2.4 GHz (12.5 cm) treat this as indicative only.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 7960, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.1 W, d = 1 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 884, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.1 W, d = 3 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 10, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 79.6, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.1 W, d = 10 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Move the router out of bedrooms and away from desks; distance dominates everything else.", "effect": "Power density falls with the square of distance: 3× the distance is 9× less.", "sourceIds": [ "itu-fs-relations" ] }, { "action": "Use the router's schedule feature to disable the radio overnight.", "effect": "Removes night-time exposure entirely without affecting daytime use." }, { "action": "Run Ethernet to fixed devices (desktops, TVs, consoles) and disable unused radio bands.", "effect": "Cuts both router and client transmissions; client devices are usually closer to the body than the router." }, { "action": "Reduce transmit power in the router's admin settings if supported.", "effect": "A drop from 100 mW to 25 mW is a 6 dB reduction, equivalent to doubling your distance." } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter", "spectrum-analyser" ], "related": [ "limits:fcc-mpe-public-1500-100000", "limits:sbm-2024-rf-extreme", "protocols:rf-room-survey" ], "questions": [ "how-far-from-wifi-router" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-part15", "title": "47 CFR Part 15 — Radio Frequency Devices (unlicensed transmitter power limits)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-15", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "arpansa-wifi", "title": "Wi-Fi and health", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/more-radiation-sources/wifi", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/wifi-router", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/wifi-router", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/wifi-router.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:smart-meter", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "smart-meter", "name": "Smart electricity meter (RF mesh)", "summary": "Mesh smart meters transmit in short bursts at up to 1 W EIRP in the 900 MHz band, so peak readings at 1 m are high while time-averaged exposure is low because the duty cycle is well under 1%.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "AMI meter", "advanced metering infrastructure", "smart meter radiation" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "home", "outdoor" ], "bands": [ { "label": "902–928 MHz ISM (FHSS)", "minHz": 902000000, "maxHz": 928000000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 1, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Part 15 frequency-hopping devices in the 902–928 MHz band may transmit up to 1 W conducted power. Utility deployments vary; some use 0.25 W or less.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Short data bursts plus mesh relay traffic. Utility filings typically report a duty cycle well below 1%, meaning peak-hold and time-averaged readings can differ by more than 100×.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 884000, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 1 W, d = 0.3 m", "note": "Peak during a transmission burst, on the meter side of the wall.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 79600, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 1 W, d = 1 m", "note": "Peak during a transmission burst.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 8840, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 1 W, d = 3 m", "note": "Peak during a transmission burst.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 10, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 796, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 1 W, d = 10 m", "note": "Peak during a transmission burst.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Identify what is on the other side of the meter wall and relocate beds or desks away from it.", "effect": "Most residential smart-meter exposure concerns are a room-layout problem, not a meter problem." }, { "action": "Measure in peak-hold mode over several minutes, then again in average mode.", "effect": "Distinguishes the burst amplitude from the exposure that limits are actually written against.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-1310" ] }, { "action": "Ask the utility for the meter's FCC ID and duty-cycle filing, or for an opt-out or wired-read option where offered.", "effect": "Gives you the actual transmit power and burst rate instead of an assumption.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-eas" ] } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter" ], "related": [ "limits:fcc-mpe-public-300-1500", "questions:are-smart-meters-dangerous" ], "questions": [ "are-smart-meters-dangerous" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-part15", "title": "47 CFR Part 15 — Radio Frequency Devices (unlicensed transmitter power limits)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-15", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-eas", "title": "Equipment Authorization Search (FCC ID lookup, includes SAR test reports)", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/smart-meter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/smart-meter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/smart-meter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:macro-cell-tower", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "cell-tower", "name": "Macro cell tower (LTE / 5G sector antenna)", "summary": "Sector antennas radiate on the order of 1000 W EIRP per sector on the main beam, which is aimed above and away from the tower base — ground-level exposure directly beneath a tower is usually lower than at a few hundred metres away.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "base station", "mobile phone mast", "cell site", "5G tower" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "outdoor" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Low band (600–900 MHz)", "minHz": 600000000, "maxHz": 900000000 }, { "label": "Mid band (1.7–2.6 GHz)", "minHz": 1700000000, "maxHz": 2600000000 }, { "label": "C-band 5G (3.3–4.2 GHz)", "minHz": 3300000000, "maxHz": 4200000000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 1000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Order-of-magnitude figure for a macro sector. Actual EIRP depends on transmitter power, antenna gain and, for 5G massive-MIMO panels, on beamforming that concentrates power toward active users.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65", "arpansa-base-stations" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Control channels transmit continuously; traffic channels vary with load. 5G beamforming means the maximum only occurs when a beam is pointed at you.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 50, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 31800, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 1000 W, d = 50 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value. At the tower base you are usually far below the main beam, where levels are typically 10–100× lower.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } }, { "meters": 100, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 7960, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 1000 W, d = 100 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } }, { "meters": 300, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 884, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 1000 W, d = 300 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } }, { "meters": 1000, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 79.6, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 1000 W, d = 1000 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Establish the actual antenna height, azimuth and downtilt before assuming exposure; look the site up in the FCC ASR database.", "effect": "Determines whether a dwelling is in the main beam at all, which changes the estimate by one to two orders of magnitude.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-asr" ] }, { "action": "Measure indoors with a directional antenna to identify the dominant azimuth, then use window film or shielding paint on that facade only.", "effect": "Targets the one surface that matters instead of shielding a whole room." }, { "action": "Compare readings against both the regulatory limit and the Swiss installation limit value to understand where you sit.", "effect": "Typical measured residential levels near base stations are hundreds of times below regulatory limits.", "sourceIds": [ "arpansa-base-stations", "ch-onir" ] } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter", "spectrum-analyser", "directional-antenna" ], "related": [ "limits:ch-onir-installation-mobile", "limits:fcc-mpe-public-300-1500" ], "questions": [ "how-far-should-i-live-from-a-cell-tower" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "arpansa-base-stations", "title": "Mobile phone base stations and health", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/more-radiation-sources/mobile-phone-base-stations", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-asr", "title": "Antenna Structure Registration (ASR) public access database downloads", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/data/public-access-files-database-downloads", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/cell-tower", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/cell-tower", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/cell-tower.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:5g-small-cell", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "5g-small-cell", "name": "5G small cell / street-level node", "summary": "Pole-mounted nodes radiate roughly 10 W EIRP at street level, putting a residence 10 m away at about 8,000 µW/m² on the main beam — far below regulatory limits but often above precautionary building-biology bands.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "small cell", "5G node", "street pole antenna" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "outdoor" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Mid band (1.7–2.6 GHz)", "minHz": 1700000000, "maxHz": 2600000000 }, { "label": "C-band (3.3–4.2 GHz)", "minHz": 3300000000, "maxHz": 4200000000 }, { "label": "mmWave (24–39 GHz)", "minHz": 24000000000, "maxHz": 39000000000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 10, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Small cells span roughly 1–50 W EIRP depending on class and band; mmWave nodes use high EIRP with very narrow beams and poor wall penetration.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Similar to macro sites: continuous control channels, load-dependent traffic, beamformed peaks.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 5, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 31800, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 10 W, d = 5 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } }, { "meters": 10, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 7960, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 10 W, d = 10 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } }, { "meters": 30, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 884, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 10 W, d = 30 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } }, { "meters": 100, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 79.6, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 10 W, d = 100 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Determine which rooms have line of sight to the node; mmWave and C-band are strongly attenuated by walls and glass coatings.", "effect": "Line of sight is the single biggest factor in indoor levels from street-level nodes." }, { "action": "Apply RF window film or shielding paint to the facing wall and window, then re-measure.", "effect": "Typical installed shielding of 20–30 dB reduces incident power density by 99–99.9%." } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter", "spectrum-analyser" ], "related": [ "emitters:macro-cell-tower", "limits:ch-onir-installation-mobile" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/5g-small-cell", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/5g-small-cell", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/5g-small-cell.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:smartphone", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "smartphone", "name": "Smartphone (cellular uplink)", "summary": "Handsets transmit up to about 200 mW (23 dBm) on cellular uplink and are used against the head, so exposure is governed by SAR — 1.6 W/kg over 1 g in the U.S., 2 W/kg over 10 g under ICNIRP — not by power density.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "mobile phone", "cell phone", "phone radiation" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "home", "workplace", "vehicle", "school" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Cellular uplink (700 MHz–3.8 GHz)", "minHz": 700000000, "maxHz": 3800000000 }, { "label": "Wi-Fi / Bluetooth", "minHz": 2400000000, "maxHz": 5900000000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 0.2, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "23 dBm is the typical LTE/5G-NR power class maximum for handsets. Phones transmit far below this when signal is strong, and at the maximum when signal is weak.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-2-1093" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Uplink power is adaptive: one or two bars of signal can mean orders of magnitude more transmit power than full bars for the same call.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.01, "value": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.2, "max": 1.6, "basis": "manufacturer", "note": "Reported head SAR for handsets sold in the U.S. must not exceed 1.6 W/kg over 1 g at maximum transmit power. Per-model values are in the FCC equipment authorization filing for the device's FCC ID.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-2-1093", "fcc-eas" ] } }, { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 177000, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.2 W, d = 0.3 m", "note": "Far-field approximation only; at 30 cm the phone is roughly one wavelength away at 1 GHz.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-2-1093" ] } }, { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 15900, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.2 W, d = 1 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-2-1093" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Use speakerphone or wired earphones instead of holding the phone to the head.", "effect": "Moving the transmitter from 1 cm to 30 cm removes almost all of the local SAR.", "sourceIds": [ "who-emf-rf" ] }, { "action": "Make calls where signal is strong, and avoid calling from lifts, basements or moving vehicles.", "effect": "Adaptive power control means good signal directly reduces transmit power." }, { "action": "Prefer Wi-Fi calling and data over cellular when available; keep the phone off the body when transmitting.", "effect": "Wi-Fi uplink power is typically an order of magnitude below cellular uplink maximum." }, { "action": "Look up your model's SAR in the FCC equipment authorization database rather than relying on third-party lists.", "effect": "Gives the tested value for the exact hardware revision.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-eas" ] } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter" ], "related": [ "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "studies:iarc-2b-rf-2011" ], "questions": [ "what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-2-1093", "title": "47 CFR § 2.1093 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable devices", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-2.1093", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-eas", "title": "Equipment Authorization Search (FCC ID lookup, includes SAR test reports)", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-emf-rf", "title": "Radiation: Electromagnetic fields (questions and answers)", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-electromagnetic-fields", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/smartphone", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/smartphone", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/smartphone.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:dect-cordless-phone", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "dect-cordless-phone", "name": "DECT cordless phone base station", "summary": "Older DECT bases transmit a pulsed beacon 100 times per second whether or not a call is in progress; at 250 mW peak that is about 20,000 µW/m² at 1 m.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "cordless phone", "DECT base" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "home", "workplace" ], "bands": [ { "label": "DECT 1880–1900 MHz (EU)", "minHz": 1880000000, "maxHz": 1900000000 }, { "label": "DECT 6.0 1920–1930 MHz (US)", "minHz": 1920000000, "maxHz": 1930000000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 0.25, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "250 mW peak is the standard DECT burst power. Transmit power is the regulatory or typical maximum; real devices often transmit below it and reduce power when link quality allows.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Legacy bases beacon continuously at 100 Hz pulse rate. Models advertised as 'ECO mode' or 'full eco' reduce or stop beaconing when idle.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 221000, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.25 W, d = 0.3 m", "note": "Peak during a burst.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 19900, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.25 W, d = 1 m", "note": "Peak during a burst.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 2210, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.25 W, d = 3 m", "note": "Peak during a burst.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Replace a legacy DECT base with a corded phone, or with a full-eco model that stops beaconing when idle.", "effect": "Removes a continuous pulsed source that is often the strongest indoor RF emitter in a home.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, { "action": "Never site the base in a bedroom or on a desk.", "effect": "Distance is the only mitigation that works against a continuously beaconing base." } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter" ], "related": [ "limits:sbm-2024-rf-extreme" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-part15", "title": "47 CFR Part 15 — Radio Frequency Devices (unlicensed transmitter power limits)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-15", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/dect-cordless-phone", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/dect-cordless-phone", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/dect-cordless-phone.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:baby-monitor", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "baby-monitor", "name": "Wireless baby monitor", "summary": "A 2.4 GHz video monitor placed a metre from a cot is a continuously transmitting source at close range — roughly 8,000 µW/m² at 1 m for a 100 mW unit.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "nursery camera", "video monitor" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "home" ], "bands": [ { "label": "2.4 GHz ISM", "minHz": 2400000000, "maxHz": 2483500000 }, { "label": "DECT / FHSS audio", "minHz": 1880000000, "maxHz": 1930000000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 0.1, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Typical Part 15 consumer transmitter power. Transmit power is the regulatory or typical maximum; real devices often transmit below it and reduce power when link quality allows.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Video monitors stream continuously; audio-only and voice-activated units transmit intermittently.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 88400, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.1 W, d = 0.3 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 7960, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.1 W, d = 1 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 884, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.1 W, d = 3 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Place the unit at least 2–3 m from the cot rather than on the cot rail.", "effect": "Increasing 0.3 m to 3 m is a 100× reduction in power density.", "sourceIds": [ "itu-fs-relations" ] }, { "action": "Choose an audio-only, voice-activated, or wired monitor.", "effect": "Removes continuous transmission during sleep." } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter" ], "related": [ "limits:sbm-2024-rf-extreme", "emitters:wifi-router" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-part15", "title": "47 CFR Part 15 — Radio Frequency Devices (unlicensed transmitter power limits)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-15", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/baby-monitor", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/baby-monitor", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/baby-monitor.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:bluetooth-earbuds", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "bluetooth-earbuds", "name": "Bluetooth earbuds and headsets", "summary": "Class 2 Bluetooth transmits about 2.5 mW — roughly 1/80th of a phone's cellular uplink maximum — but does so a centimetre from the head, so the relevant metric is again SAR rather than power density.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "wireless earbuds", "AirPods radiation", "BT headset" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "home", "workplace", "vehicle" ], "bands": [ { "label": "2.4 GHz ISM", "minHz": 2400000000, "maxHz": 2483500000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 0.0025, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "2.5 mW is the Class 2 Bluetooth maximum used by most earbuds; Class 1 devices reach 100 mW.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Continuous while streaming audio; low-rate connection maintenance when idle.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.05, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 79600, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.0025 W, d = 0.05 m", "note": "Near-field geometry; treat as indicative. Manufacturer SAR filings are the authoritative figure at this range.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 2210, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.0025 W, d = 0.3 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Use wired earphones for long calls, or keep one earbud out.", "effect": "Eliminates the near-head transmitter entirely." }, { "action": "Compare the earbud's published SAR against the phone's; the phone is usually the larger contributor.", "effect": "Prioritises the dominant source instead of the most-discussed one.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-eas" ] } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter" ], "related": [ "emitters:smartphone", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-part15", "title": "47 CFR Part 15 — Radio Frequency Devices (unlicensed transmitter power limits)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-15", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-eas", "title": "Equipment Authorization Search (FCC ID lookup, includes SAR test reports)", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/bluetooth-earbuds", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/bluetooth-earbuds", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/bluetooth-earbuds.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:microwave-oven", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "microwave-oven", "name": "Microwave oven", "summary": "The only consumer appliance with its own federal leakage standard: 5 mW/cm² at 5 cm from the surface over the product's lifetime, which is 50,000,000 µW/m² — high compared with any communications source.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "microwave leakage" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "home", "workplace" ], "bands": [ { "label": "2.45 GHz ISM", "minHz": 2400000000, "maxHz": 2500000000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 1000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Cavity magnetron output is roughly 700–1200 W, contained by the cavity and door screen; the regulated quantity is leakage, not output.", "sourceIds": [ "fda-microwave", "fcc-part18" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Only while cooking. Older or damaged door seals and hinges are the usual cause of elevated leakage.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.05, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 50000000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "FDA limit for leakage over the lifetime of the oven: 5 mW/cm² at 5 cm. New ovens are required to be below 1 mW/cm² at 5 cm. Well-maintained ovens typically measure far below both.", "sourceIds": [ "fda-1030-10", "fda-microwave" ] } }, { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 125000, "basis": "computed", "method": "Inverse-square scaling of the 5 cm FDA leakage limit to 1 m (factor of 400).", "note": "Upper bound implied by the leakage limit, not a typical measurement.", "sourceIds": [ "fda-1030-10", "itu-fs-relations" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Stand back a metre or more while the oven runs rather than watching through the door.", "effect": "Leakage falls with the square of distance, and the limit is defined at only 5 cm.", "sourceIds": [ "fda-microwave" ] }, { "action": "Check the door seal, hinges and latch; replace ovens with visible door damage.", "effect": "Door integrity is the dominant variable in leakage measurements.", "sourceIds": [ "fda-microwave" ] }, { "action": "Measure at 5 cm around the door perimeter with an RF meter that reads up to at least 20 mW/m².", "effect": "Most consumer RF meters saturate near a running microwave; check the meter's range before concluding." } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter", "microwave-leakage-tester" ], "related": [ "quantities:power-density" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fda-1030-10", "title": "21 CFR 1030.10 — Microwave ovens (radiation emission performance standard)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-J/part-1030/section-1030.10", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fda-microwave", "title": "Microwave Ovens", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/resources-you-radiation-emitting-products/microwave-oven-radiation", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-part18", "title": "47 CFR Part 18 — Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Equipment (includes microwave ovens)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-18", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/microwave-oven", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/microwave-oven", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/microwave-oven.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:wifi-security-camera", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "wifi-security-camera", "name": "Wi-Fi security camera and video doorbell", "summary": "Continuously streaming 100 mW transmitters, usually mounted at head height near doors and windows, giving about 8,000 µW/m² at 1 m.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "IP camera", "video doorbell", "smart doorbell" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "home", "outdoor", "workplace" ], "bands": [ { "label": "2.4 GHz ISM", "minHz": 2400000000, "maxHz": 2483500000 }, { "label": "5 GHz U-NII", "minHz": 5150000000, "maxHz": 5895000000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 0.1, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "Typical Part 15 consumer transmitter power. Transmit power is the regulatory or typical maximum; real devices often transmit below it and reduce power when link quality allows.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Cloud-recording cameras stream continuously; local-recording and motion-triggered units transmit only on events.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 88400, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.1 W, d = 0.3 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 7960, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.1 W, d = 1 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } }, { "meters": 3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 884, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 0.1 W, d = 3 m", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-part15" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Switch to Power-over-Ethernet cameras with the radio disabled.", "effect": "Removes the transmitter while keeping the function." }, { "action": "Set cameras to event-triggered rather than continuous upload.", "effect": "Cuts duty cycle from ~100% to a few percent." } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter" ], "related": [ "emitters:wifi-router" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-part15", "title": "47 CFR Part 15 — Radio Frequency Devices (unlicensed transmitter power limits)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-15", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/wifi-security-camera", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/wifi-security-camera", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/wifi-security-camera.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:satellite-internet-dish", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "satellite-internet-dish", "name": "Satellite internet terminal (LEO user dish)", "summary": "A phased-array user terminal transmits a narrow beam skyward in Ku band; exposure beside the unit is dominated by sidelobes, and manufacturers specify a keep-out distance in front of the panel.", "status": "provisional", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Starlink dish", "VSAT terminal", "user terminal" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "home", "outdoor" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Ku-band uplink (14.0–14.5 GHz)", "minHz": 14000000000, "maxHz": 14500000000 } ], "dutyCycle": "Transmits whenever the link is active; the beam tracks satellites and is steered upward.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 0, "basis": "manufacturer", "note": "Exposure in front of the aperture is stated in the terminal's FCC equipment authorization RF exposure exhibit as a minimum separation distance; consult the filing for the specific model rather than assuming a value.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-eas" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Mount the terminal on a roof or pole above head height, respecting the manufacturer's stated separation distance.", "effect": "Keeps people out of the main beam and the strongest sidelobes.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-eas" ] }, { "action": "Never work directly in front of the aperture while the terminal is powered.", "effect": "The main beam is the only region where levels approach the exposure limit." } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter" ], "related": [ "limits:fcc-mpe-public-1500-100000" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-eas", "title": "Equipment Authorization Search (FCC ID lookup, includes SAR test reports)", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/satellite-internet-dish", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/satellite-internet-dish", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/satellite-internet-dish.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:fm-broadcast-tower", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "fm-broadcast-tower", "name": "FM / TV broadcast transmitter", "summary": "Broadcast sites radiate tens to hundreds of kilowatts ERP — thousands of times a cell sector — but from tall masts in the 30–300 MHz band where the FCC's public limit is at its most restrictive.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "radio mast", "broadcast antenna", "TV transmitter" ], "category": "radiofrequency", "environment": [ "outdoor" ], "bands": [ { "label": "FM broadcast (88–108 MHz)", "minHz": 88000000, "maxHz": 108000000 }, { "label": "VHF/UHF television", "minHz": 174000000, "maxHz": 700000000 } ], "transmitPower": { "quantity": "power", "unit": "W EIRP", "value": 100000, "basis": "regulatory", "note": "100 kW ERP is a mid-size FM allocation; licensed powers range from a few hundred watts to over 1 MW ERP for some TV facilities.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] }, "dutyCycle": "Continuous, constant-envelope transmission — unlike cellular, there is no traffic-dependent variation.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 100, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 796000, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 100000 W, d = 100 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value; broadcast antennas concentrate energy toward the horizon, not the tower base.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } }, { "meters": 500, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 31800, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 100000 W, d = 500 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } }, { "meters": 2000, "value": { "quantity": "power-density", "unit": "µW/m²", "value": 1990, "basis": "computed", "method": "S = EIRP / (4πd²) with EIRP = 100000 W, d = 2000 m", "note": "Main-beam free-space value.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-oet65" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Check the FCC ASR and licence records for ERP, height and antenna pattern before estimating exposure.", "effect": "Broadcast exposure is dominated by height and pattern, which vary enormously between sites.", "sourceIds": [ "fcc-asr" ] }, { "action": "Measure with a meter that covers 88–700 MHz; many consumer RF meters start at 200 MHz or higher and will read near zero next to an FM mast.", "effect": "Prevents a false negative caused by the meter's lower frequency limit." } ], "measureWith": [ "broadband-rf-meter", "spectrum-analyser" ], "related": [ "limits:fcc-mpe-public-30-300" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-asr", "title": "Antenna Structure Registration (ASR) public access database downloads", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/data/public-access-files-database-downloads", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/fm-broadcast-tower", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/fm-broadcast-tower", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/fm-broadcast-tower.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:household-background-magnetic", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "household-background-magnetic-field", "name": "Household background magnetic field (50/60 Hz)", "summary": "Away from appliances, homes typically sit below a few milligauss; the WHO's epidemiological association with childhood leukaemia begins at a daily average of 3–4 mG (0.3–0.4 µT).", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "background EMF", "ambient magnetic field" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "home" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60 } ], "dutyCycle": "Continuous, varying with household and grid load; evening peaks are common.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 0.1, "max": 4, "basis": "measured", "note": "Range commonly reported in residential surveys away from appliances and service equipment. Values above this usually indicate a specific source: service panel, wiring error, or an external line.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf", "who-elf" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Log for 24 hours rather than spot-reading; use the 95th percentile of night-time values for a bedroom assessment.", "effect": "Power-frequency fields track load and vary hour to hour, so spot readings mislead.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, { "action": "Walk the perimeter with the meter to find the source before considering any mitigation.", "effect": "Elevated background is nearly always one identifiable source, most often the service panel or a net-current wiring fault." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter", "data-logger" ], "related": [ "limits:who-elf-leukaemia-association", "limits:sbm-2024-magnetic-bands", "protocols:elf-magnetic-survey" ], "questions": [ "what-is-a-safe-milligauss-level" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/household-background-magnetic-field", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/household-background-magnetic-field", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/household-background-magnetic-field.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:electrical-service-panel", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "electrical-service-panel", "name": "Electrical service panel and meter base", "summary": "The highest-current point in a building: readings in the tens of milligauss are normal within a metre, falling to background within two to three metres.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "breaker box", "distribution board", "consumer unit" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "home", "workplace" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency and harmonics", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 2000 } ], "dutyCycle": "Continuous, proportional to total building load.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 10, "max": 100, "basis": "measured", "note": "Typical range within arm's reach of a residential panel under normal load.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf", "sbm-2024" ] } }, { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 2, "max": 20, "basis": "measured", "note": "Typical range at 1 m.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf", "sbm-2024" ] } }, { "meters": 3, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 0.2, "max": 2, "basis": "measured", "note": "Usually indistinguishable from background by 2–3 m.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf", "sbm-2024" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Do not place a bed, desk or child's play area on either side of the panel wall.", "effect": "Two to three metres of separation reduces the field to background; magnetic fields pass through walls unaffected.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, { "action": "Have an electrician check for net current on the neutral and for shared or crossed neutrals.", "effect": "Wiring faults, not the panel itself, cause the elevated whole-house readings that do not fall off with distance." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter" ], "related": [ "limits:sbm-2024-magnetic-bands", "emitters:household-background-magnetic" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/electrical-service-panel", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/electrical-service-panel", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/electrical-service-panel.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:transmission-line", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "high-voltage-transmission-line", "name": "High-voltage transmission line", "summary": "Fields directly beneath a loaded transmission line reach tens of milligauss and fall off roughly with distance for a balanced three-phase circuit, reaching background at 30–60 m for typical loadings.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "power line", "overhead line", "pylon", "HV line" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "outdoor", "home" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60 } ], "dutyCycle": "Continuous, proportional to circuit loading, which varies through the day and season.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 10, "max": 100, "basis": "measured", "note": "Directly beneath the conductors at mid-span, dependent on current, conductor height and phase arrangement.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf" ] } }, { "meters": 30, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 1, "max": 10, "basis": "measured", "note": "Typical range at 30 m from the centreline.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf" ] } }, { "meters": 60, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 0.2, "max": 3, "basis": "measured", "note": "Approaching residential background at 60 m for typical loadings.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Measure over 24 hours at the property line and inside the building, since line loading varies.", "effect": "A single daytime reading can understate or overstate the annual average by several times." }, { "action": "Compare the annual average against the Swiss 1 µT installation value and the Dutch 0.4 µT policy target for new lines.", "effect": "Gives a defensible frame of reference; no regulatory limit anywhere is close to typical residential exposure.", "sourceIds": [ "ch-onir", "sbm-2024" ] }, { "action": "Treat magnetic shielding as a last resort; it requires high-permeability alloy and rarely gives more than 50% reduction in a residential retrofit.", "effect": "Sets expectations correctly — distance and source correction are the only reliable options." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter", "data-logger" ], "related": [ "limits:ch-onir-power-lines", "limits:who-elf-leukaemia-association", "studies:iarc-elf-2b-2002" ], "questions": [ "how-far-should-i-live-from-a-power-line" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ch-onir", "title": "Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (ONIR / NISV, SR 814.710)", "publisher": "Swiss Confederation", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/38/en", "year": 2000, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/high-voltage-transmission-line", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/high-voltage-transmission-line", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/high-voltage-transmission-line.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:pad-mount-transformer", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "pad-mount-transformer", "name": "Pad-mounted or pole-mounted distribution transformer", "summary": "A local transformer produces a strong but rapidly decaying magnetic field: often tens of milligauss at a metre, at or near background by five metres.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "distribution transformer", "green box transformer" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "outdoor", "home" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency and harmonics", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 2000 } ], "dutyCycle": "Continuous, proportional to the load of the served customers.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 5, "max": 50, "basis": "measured", "note": "Typical range at 1 m from the enclosure under normal load.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf" ] } }, { "meters": 3, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 1, "max": 10, "basis": "measured", "note": "Typical range at 3 m.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf" ] } }, { "meters": 5, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 0.2, "max": 3, "basis": "measured", "note": "Usually background by 5 m.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Keep habitable rooms and outdoor seating more than 5 m from the unit where site layout allows.", "effect": "Transformer fields decay faster than transmission-line fields because the source is compact." }, { "action": "If readings do not fall with distance, look for the secondary service conductors rather than the transformer.", "effect": "Unbalanced service conductors, not the transformer core, are the usual cause of persistent elevated readings." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter" ], "related": [ "emitters:transmission-line" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/pad-mount-transformer", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/pad-mount-transformer", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/pad-mount-transformer.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:electric-blanket", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "electric-blanket", "name": "Electric blanket and heated mattress pad", "summary": "A resistive heating element in direct body contact for eight hours: among the highest whole-night ELF magnetic exposures in a home unless the element is low-field wound or switched off before sleep.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "heated blanket", "electric underblanket" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "home" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60 } ], "dutyCycle": "Thermostat cycling; the field appears only while the element draws current.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.02, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 5, "max": 100, "basis": "measured", "note": "Range reported for legacy resistive elements at body-contact distance; low-field ('dual-wound') designs measure substantially lower.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf" ] } }, { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 0.5, "max": 10, "basis": "measured", "note": "Typical range at 30 cm.", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Pre-heat the bed and unplug the blanket before getting in.", "effect": "Removes the exposure entirely while keeping the benefit." }, { "action": "Choose a low-field dual-wound element if the blanket must run overnight.", "effect": "Counter-wound elements cancel most of the external field." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter" ], "related": [ "limits:sbm-2024-magnetic-bands" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/electric-blanket", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/electric-blanket", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/electric-blanket.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:induction-cooktop", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "induction-cooktop", "name": "Induction cooktop", "summary": "Induction hobs work by driving a 20–100 kHz coil, producing intermediate-frequency magnetic fields that are strong at the hob edge and fall off steeply — and that most consumer gaussmeters cannot measure because their bandwidth stops at 2 kHz.", "status": "provisional", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "induction hob", "induction stove" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "home", "workplace" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Intermediate frequency (20–100 kHz)", "minHz": 20000, "maxHz": 100000 } ], "dutyCycle": "Only while cooking, and only with a pan on the active zone.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.1, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "µT", "value": 0, "basis": "measured", "note": "Levels at the hob edge depend strongly on pan size, pan centring and coil design, and are assessed against the ICNIRP intermediate-frequency reference level rather than the 50/60 Hz value. Model-specific measurement is required; no representative range is published here.", "sourceIds": [ "icnirp-2010" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Use pans that cover the full cooking zone and keep them centred.", "effect": "An uncovered coil area radiates more; correct pan sizing is the main design mitigation." }, { "action": "Stand back from the hob while it runs rather than leaning over it.", "effect": "Intermediate-frequency fields fall off very steeply with distance from the coil." }, { "action": "Use a meter rated to at least 100 kHz; a 2 kHz gaussmeter will read near zero at an induction hob.", "effect": "Avoids a false negative from an out-of-band instrument." } ], "measureWith": [ "intermediate-frequency-meter" ], "related": [ "quantities:magnetic-flux-density" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2010", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/lf-guidelines-2010.html", "year": 2010, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/induction-cooktop", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/induction-cooktop", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/induction-cooktop.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:electric-vehicle", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "electric-vehicle", "name": "Electric vehicle cabin (traction and charging)", "summary": "EV cabins contain low-frequency magnetic fields from battery cables, traction motor and inverter, strongest in the footwell and over the pack, with a separate profile during fast charging.", "status": "provisional", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "EV EMF", "hybrid car EMF" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "vehicle" ], "bands": [ { "label": "DC and traction ripple", "minHz": 0, "maxHz": 2000 }, { "label": "Inverter switching harmonics", "minHz": 2000, "maxHz": 100000 } ], "dutyCycle": "Proportional to current draw: highest under hard acceleration, regenerative braking and DC fast charging.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.1, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 0, "basis": "measured", "note": "Cabin levels are highly model- and position-specific and depend on cable routing. Measure at the seat position of interest during acceleration and during charging; published generic ranges are not reliable across models.", "sourceIds": [ "icnirp-2010" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Measure at each seating position while driving and while charging, logging rather than spot-reading.", "effect": "Peak conditions occur transiently under acceleration and regeneration." }, { "action": "Do not sit in the vehicle during DC fast charging if minimising exposure matters to you.", "effect": "Charging currents are the largest in the vehicle's duty cycle." }, { "action": "Use a meter with bandwidth to at least 100 kHz to capture inverter harmonics.", "effect": "A 50/60 Hz-only gaussmeter misses most of an EV's spectrum." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter", "intermediate-frequency-meter", "data-logger" ], "related": [ "quantities:magnetic-flux-density" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2010", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/lf-guidelines-2010.html", "year": 2010, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/electric-vehicle", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/electric-vehicle", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/electric-vehicle.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:dimmer-switch", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "dimmer-switch", "name": "Dimmer switch and phase-cutting controls", "summary": "Phase-cutting dimmers chop the mains waveform and inject harmonics from a few kilohertz up to about 1 MHz onto the building wiring — the classic source of what practitioners call dirty electricity.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "light dimmer", "triac dimmer" ], "category": "dirty-electricity", "environment": [ "home", "workplace" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Harmonics 2 kHz–1 MHz", "minHz": 2000, "maxHz": 1000000 } ], "dutyCycle": "Whenever the dimmed circuit is on and not at full brightness.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "unit": "V/m", "value": 0, "basis": "measured", "note": "Assessed as conducted harmonic content on the circuit, not as a distance profile. Building-biology practice grades harmonics from 2 kHz–1 MHz more severely than the 50/60 Hz field by a factor of roughly 10–100.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Replace phase-cutting dimmers with plain switches, or with dimmable LED drivers designed for low conducted emissions.", "effect": "Removes the harmonic source rather than filtering its symptoms.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, { "action": "Measure conducted harmonics on the circuit before and after any filter installation.", "effect": "Plug-in filters shift and sometimes increase harmonic content; only measurement shows the net effect." } ], "measureWith": [ "dirty-electricity-meter", "oscilloscope-line-adapter" ], "related": [ "limits:sbm-2024-electric-bands", "glossary:dirty-electricity" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/dimmer-switch", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/dimmer-switch", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/dimmer-switch.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:led-lighting", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "led-lighting", "name": "LED lamps and low-cost drivers", "summary": "The switch-mode driver inside a cheap LED lamp can put measurable high-frequency harmonics on the circuit and produce visible flicker; well-filtered drivers do neither.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "LED bulb", "LED driver noise" ], "category": "dirty-electricity", "environment": [ "home", "workplace", "school" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Driver switching harmonics", "minHz": 20000, "maxHz": 1000000 } ], "dutyCycle": "While the lamp is on.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "unit": "V/m", "value": 0, "basis": "measured", "note": "Emissions are driver-specific and conducted rather than radiated; compare lamps by measuring the same circuit with each lamp fitted.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "A/B test lamps on the same circuit with a dirty-electricity meter and keep the quietest.", "effect": "Driver quality varies by more than an order of magnitude between lamps at the same price point." }, { "action": "Prefer lamps that state low flicker percentage and EMC compliance figures.", "effect": "Flicker and conducted emissions both trace back to driver design." } ], "measureWith": [ "dirty-electricity-meter", "flicker-meter" ], "related": [ "emitters:dimmer-switch" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/led-lighting", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/led-lighting", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/led-lighting.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:solar-pv-inverter", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "solar-pv-inverter", "name": "Solar PV inverter and optimisers", "summary": "String inverters and panel-level optimisers switch at kilohertz to tens of kilohertz and are wired into the building's supply, so they can raise both magnetic fields near the DC and AC runs and conducted harmonics throughout the house.", "status": "provisional", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "string inverter", "microinverter", "solar EMF" ], "category": "dirty-electricity", "environment": [ "home", "workplace" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60 }, { "label": "Switching harmonics", "minHz": 2000, "maxHz": 500000 } ], "dutyCycle": "Daylight hours, proportional to generation; some units also have a night-time standby carrier.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 1, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 0, "basis": "measured", "note": "Depends on inverter topology, cable routing and whether panel-level electronics use power-line communication. Measure at the inverter, along the DC and AC runs, and on circuits inside the house.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024", "icnirp-2010" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Site the inverter on a garage or exterior wall, away from bedrooms, and keep DC and AC runs out of occupied wall cavities.", "effect": "Addresses the dominant magnetic-field contribution at the design stage, when it is nearly free." }, { "action": "Specify optimisers or microinverters that do not use power-line communication, or that can have it disabled.", "effect": "Power-line communication deliberately injects a carrier onto house wiring." }, { "action": "Measure conducted harmonics before and after commissioning to attribute changes correctly.", "effect": "Provides a baseline; without one, every later reading is unattributable." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter", "dirty-electricity-meter" ], "related": [ "emitters:dimmer-switch", "protocols:elf-magnetic-survey" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2010", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/lf-guidelines-2010.html", "year": 2010, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/solar-pv-inverter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/solar-pv-inverter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/solar-pv-inverter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:bedroom-wiring-electric-field", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "bedroom-wiring-electric-field", "name": "Bedroom wiring AC electric field", "summary": "Live conductors in walls and in lamp flex create a power-frequency electric field that couples to the body whether or not any current flows; building biology grades below 1 V/m with ground reference as 'no anomaly'.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "body voltage", "AC electric field bedroom" ], "category": "elf-electric", "environment": [ "home" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency and harmonics", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 2000 } ], "dutyCycle": "Continuous — the field exists whenever the circuit is energised, even with everything switched off.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "electric-field-strength", "unit": "V/m", "value": 1, "max": 50, "basis": "measured", "note": "SBM-2024 bands with ground reference: <1 V/m no anomaly, 1–5 weak, 5–50 strong, >50 extreme. Without ground reference the bands are <0.3 / 0.3–1.5 / 1.5–10 / >10 V/m.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] } }, { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "body-voltage", "unit": "mV", "value": 10, "max": 1000, "basis": "measured", "note": "SBM-2024 body-voltage bands with ground reference: <10 mV no anomaly, 10–100 weak, 100–1000 strong, >1000 extreme. Readings depend entirely on the grounding method used, so protocol must be identical to compare.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Unplug bedside lamps and chargers at the socket, not just at the switch.", "effect": "Removes the nearest energised conductor, usually the largest single contribution at the pillow.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, { "action": "Fit a demand switch (Netzfreischalter) on the bedroom lighting circuit.", "effect": "De-energises the circuit when no load is drawing, eliminating the field for the whole night.", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, { "action": "Use shielded cable or grounded shielding paint on the wall behind the bed head where rewiring is impractical.", "effect": "Grounded conductive surfaces block power-frequency electric fields effectively — unlike magnetic fields." } ], "measureWith": [ "ac-electric-field-meter", "body-voltage-kit" ], "related": [ "limits:sbm-2024-electric-bands", "protocols:body-voltage-survey", "quantities:body-voltage" ], "questions": [ "why-do-i-get-a-high-reading-with-everything-switched-off" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/bedroom-wiring-electric-field", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/bedroom-wiring-electric-field", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/bedroom-wiring-electric-field.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:hair-dryer", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "hair-dryer", "name": "Hair dryer and electric shaver", "summary": "Motor appliances held against the head: among the strongest ELF magnetic fields in a home at the point of use — up to 700 mG (70 µT) at 15 cm across the models measured — but used for minutes a day, and down to at most 70 mG (7 µT) by 30 cm.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "hairdryer EMF", "blow dryer radiation", "electric razor EMF", "shaver EMF" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "home" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60 } ], "dutyCycle": "Minutes per day, only while the motor runs — the shortest exposure of any high-field household appliance.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.15, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 1, "max": 700, "basis": "measured", "note": "Measured range at 15 cm across hair dryers (1–700 mG / 0.1–70 µT) and electric shavers (4–600 mG / 0.4–60 µT) in the EPA's 1992 survey of 60 Hz appliances. The spread between models is three orders of magnitude, so the appliance class predicts far less than the individual unit.", "sourceIds": [ "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "epa-1992-appliance-fields" ] } }, { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 0, "max": 100, "basis": "measured", "note": "By 30 cm the strongest shaver measured 100 mG (10 µT) and the strongest dryer 70 mG (7 µT); the weakest units were indistinguishable from background at this distance.", "sourceIds": [ "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "epa-1992-appliance-fields" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Treat these as duration exposures, not level exposures: brief daily use is a small share of a cumulative dose.", "effect": "Epidemiology on power-frequency fields uses time-weighted averages, in which a two-minute peak contributes little.", "sourceIds": [ "who-elf" ] }, { "action": "Measure the specific unit rather than trusting a class figure, and prefer a dryer whose motor sits away from the handle.", "effect": "Field strength at the hand and head is dominated by the motor's position and winding, which varies by three orders of magnitude between models." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter" ], "related": [ "emitters:household-background-magnetic", "limits:sbm-2024-magnetic-bands", "quantities:magnetic-flux-density" ], "questions": [ "what-is-a-safe-milligauss-level" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "title": "Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields, Table 2-3: magnetic-field strengths of common household appliances", "publisher": "National Research Council (US), National Academies Press", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232734/table/ttt00003/", "year": 1997, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "epa-1992-appliance-fields", "title": "EMF in Your Environment: Magnetic Field Measurements of Everyday Electrical Devices (EPA 402-R-92-008)", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air", "url": "https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=000005EP.TXT", "year": 1992, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/hair-dryer", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/hair-dryer", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/hair-dryer.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:vacuum-cleaner", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "vacuum-cleaner", "name": "Vacuum cleaner", "summary": "A high-current motor at floor level and at arm's length: 100–700 mG (10–70 µT) at 15 cm and 20–200 mG (2–20 µT) at 30 cm, with no unit in the measured set falling to background at 30 cm.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "hoover EMF", "vacuum EMF" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "home", "workplace" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60 } ], "dutyCycle": "Continuous while running, typically under an hour per session.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.15, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 100, "max": 700, "basis": "measured", "note": "Measured range at 15 cm from the body of the machine (10–70 µT), from the EPA's 1992 survey of 60 Hz appliances — a class range, not a figure for any particular modern unit.", "sourceIds": [ "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "epa-1992-appliance-fields" ] } }, { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 20, "max": 200, "basis": "measured", "note": "Measured range at 30 cm (2–20 µT). Unlike most appliances, the weakest unit measured was still well above background at this distance.", "sourceIds": [ "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "epa-1992-appliance-fields" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Use the full length of the wand and hose rather than working close to the motor housing.", "effect": "The field falls off steeply: 30 cm of extra separation cut the measured range by roughly a factor of five." }, { "action": "Keep a canister or upright machine's motor away from the torso of whoever is pushing it.", "effect": "Exposure tracks the distance to the motor, not to the nozzle." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter" ], "related": [ "emitters:household-background-magnetic", "limits:sbm-2024-magnetic-bands" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "title": "Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields, Table 2-3: magnetic-field strengths of common household appliances", "publisher": "National Research Council (US), National Academies Press", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232734/table/ttt00003/", "year": 1997, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "epa-1992-appliance-fields", "title": "EMF in Your Environment: Magnetic Field Measurements of Everyday Electrical Devices (EPA 402-R-92-008)", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air", "url": "https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=000005EP.TXT", "year": 1992, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/vacuum-cleaner", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/vacuum-cleaner", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/vacuum-cleaner.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:corded-power-tool", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "corded-power-tool", "name": "Corded power tool (drill, circular saw)", "summary": "The highest hand-held power-frequency fields measured in a household set: circular saws reached 1,000 mG (100 µT) at 15 cm and 300 mG (30 µT) at 30 cm, with drills roughly five times lower.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "power drill EMF", "circular saw EMF", "power tool EMF" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "home", "workplace" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60 } ], "dutyCycle": "Seconds to minutes per cut or hole; total daily exposure is short for occasional use and substantial for trade use.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.15, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 50, "max": 1000, "basis": "measured", "note": "Measured range at 15 cm in the EPA's 1992 survey of 60 Hz appliances, across power saws (50–1,000 mG / 5–100 µT) and drills (100–200 mG / 10–20 µT).", "sourceIds": [ "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "epa-1992-appliance-fields" ] } }, { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 9, "max": 300, "basis": "measured", "note": "Measured range at 30 cm across saws (9–300 mG / 0.9–30 µT) and drills (20–40 mG / 2–4 µT).", "sourceIds": [ "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "epa-1992-appliance-fields" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "For trade-frequency use, treat this as an occupational exposure and compare against the occupational reference level rather than a public one.", "effect": "ICNIRP sets a separate, higher occupational reference level for an informed and supervised workforce; the public value does not apply to a working day.", "sourceIds": [ "icnirp-2010" ] }, { "action": "Hold the tool by the handle as designed rather than bracing a hand or forearm over the motor housing.", "effect": "The motor is the source; a few centimetres of separation from the housing changes the reading substantially." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter" ], "related": [ "emitters:household-background-magnetic", "limits:icnirp-2010-occupational-magnetic-50-60" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "title": "Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields, Table 2-3: magnetic-field strengths of common household appliances", "publisher": "National Research Council (US), National Academies Press", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232734/table/ttt00003/", "year": 1997, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "epa-1992-appliance-fields", "title": "EMF in Your Environment: Magnetic Field Measurements of Everyday Electrical Devices (EPA 402-R-92-008)", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air", "url": "https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=000005EP.TXT", "year": 1992, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/corded-power-tool", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/corded-power-tool", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/corded-power-tool.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:kitchen-motor-appliance", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "kitchen-motor-appliance", "name": "Electric can opener, mixer and blender", "summary": "Small kitchen motors used at arm's length: can openers were the strongest household appliance measured, at 500–1,500 mG (50–150 µT) at 15 cm and 40–300 mG (4–30 µT) at 30 cm, for a few seconds' use.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "can opener EMF", "blender EMF", "food mixer EMF", "kitchen appliance EMF" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "home" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60 } ], "dutyCycle": "Seconds to a couple of minutes; the field exists only while the motor turns.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.15, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 30, "max": 1500, "basis": "measured", "note": "Measured range at 15 cm in the EPA's 1992 survey of 60 Hz appliances, across can openers (500–1,500 mG / 50–150 µT), mixers (30–600 mG / 3–60 µT) and blenders (30–100 mG / 3–10 µT).", "sourceIds": [ "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "epa-1992-appliance-fields" ] } }, { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 5, "max": 300, "basis": "measured", "note": "Measured range at 30 cm across can openers (40–300 mG / 4–30 µT), mixers (5–100 mG / 0.5–10 µT) and blenders (5–20 mG / 0.5–2 µT).", "sourceIds": [ "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "epa-1992-appliance-fields" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Judge these by cumulative time, not peak level: a can opener at 1,500 mG for ten seconds a day contributes less to a daily average than a bedside clock radio at 5 mG all night.", "effect": "Time-weighted average, the metric used in the epidemiology, is dominated by long low-level exposures rather than brief peaks.", "sourceIds": [ "who-elf" ] }, { "action": "Step back or let the appliance run unattended where the design allows.", "effect": "The measured range drops by roughly an order of magnitude between 15 cm and 30 cm." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter" ], "related": [ "emitters:household-background-magnetic", "emitters:microwave-oven" ], "questions": [ "what-is-a-safe-milligauss-level" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "title": "Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields, Table 2-3: magnetic-field strengths of common household appliances", "publisher": "National Research Council (US), National Academies Press", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232734/table/ttt00003/", "year": 1997, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "epa-1992-appliance-fields", "title": "EMF in Your Environment: Magnetic Field Measurements of Everyday Electrical Devices (EPA 402-R-92-008)", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air", "url": "https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=000005EP.TXT", "year": 1992, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/kitchen-motor-appliance", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/kitchen-motor-appliance", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/kitchen-motor-appliance.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } }, { "id": "emitters:fluorescent-lighting", "collection": "emitters", "slug": "fluorescent-lighting", "name": "Fluorescent tube lighting", "summary": "Ballast-driven tubes measured 20–100 mG (2–10 µT) at 15 cm, falling to at most 30 mG (3 µT) at 30 cm — relevant because the fitting is often directly above a desk or bed rather than at arm's length.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "fluorescent tube EMF", "strip light EMF", "CFL EMF" ], "category": "elf-magnetic", "environment": [ "home", "workplace", "school" ], "bands": [ { "label": "Power frequency", "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 60 }, { "label": "Electronic ballast switching", "minHz": 20000, "maxHz": 60000 } ], "dutyCycle": "Continuous while lit; magnetic ballasts hum at the power frequency, electronic ballasts add a switching frequency in the tens of kilohertz.", "distanceProfile": [ { "meters": 0.15, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 20, "max": 100, "basis": "measured", "note": "Measured range at 15 cm from the fitting (2–10 µT) in the EPA's 1992 survey of 60 Hz appliances, dominated by the ballast rather than the tube.", "sourceIds": [ "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "epa-1992-appliance-fields" ] } }, { "meters": 0.3, "value": { "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "unit": "mG", "value": 0, "max": 30, "basis": "measured", "note": "The strongest fitting measured 30 mG (3 µT) at 30 cm; the weakest was indistinguishable from background.", "sourceIds": [ "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "epa-1992-appliance-fields" ] } } ], "mitigations": [ { "action": "Mount the fitting at ceiling height rather than in a desk or under-cabinet lamp within 30 cm of the head.", "effect": "Normal ceiling separation puts the ballast beyond the distance at which it is distinguishable from background." }, { "action": "Measure with an instrument rated above 2 kHz if the fitting uses an electronic ballast.", "effect": "A power-frequency gaussmeter reads near zero at the ballast's switching frequency, producing a false negative." } ], "measureWith": [ "elf-gaussmeter", "intermediate-frequency-meter" ], "related": [ "emitters:led-lighting", "emitters:household-background-magnetic" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nrc-1997-appliance-fields", "title": "Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields, Table 2-3: magnetic-field strengths of common household appliances", "publisher": "National Research Council (US), National Academies Press", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232734/table/ttt00003/", "year": 1997, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "epa-1992-appliance-fields", "title": "EMF in Your Environment: Magnetic Field Measurements of Everyday Electrical Devices (EPA 402-R-92-008)", "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air", "url": "https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=000005EP.TXT", "year": 1992, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters/fluorescent-lighting", "html": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/fluorescent-lighting", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/emitters/fluorescent-lighting.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/emitters" } } ] }, "meters": { "collection": "meters", "name": "Instruments", "description": "Measurement instrument classes: what each detects, what it cannot detect, the band it covers, and the criteria that separate a usable instrument from a toy.", "count": 12, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "meters:broadband-rf-meter", "collection": "meters", "slug": "broadband-rf-meter", "name": "Broadband RF power-density meter", "summary": "The general-purpose instrument for Wi-Fi, cellular, 5G, smart meters and cordless phones: reports total power density across a wide band in µW/m² or mW/m², with peak-hold and average modes.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "RF meter", "microwave meter", "high frequency meter" ], "measures": [ "power-density", "electric-field-strength" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 200000000, "maxHz": 8000000000, "label": "roughly 200 MHz – 8 GHz for consumer units" }, "axes": "single", "priceBandUsd": [ 150, 500 ], "detects": [ "Cellular downlink and uplink in the covered bands", "Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz", "Smart-meter and other 900 MHz ISM bursts", "DECT cordless phone beacons" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Power-frequency magnetic and electric fields — a different instrument entirely", "Signals below the meter's lower frequency limit, which excludes FM broadcast on most consumer units", "6 GHz Wi-Fi 6E/7 and mmWave 5G on units that stop at 6 GHz or 8 GHz", "Which service a reading came from — broadband meters give a total, not a spectrum" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "Peak-hold as well as average mode: pulsed sources read many times higher on peak", "Stated frequency range that actually covers your bands of interest, including 6 GHz if you have Wi-Fi 6E or 7", "Readout in µW/m² or mW/m² rather than an unlabelled 0–100 scale or a colour LED", "An external or clearly specified antenna, isotropic or with a documented pattern", "A published calibration statement" ], "exampleModels": [ "Safe and Sound Pro II", "Cornet ED88TPlus5", "Acoustimeter AM-11", "Gigahertz Solutions HFE59B", "Latnex AF-5000" ], "related": [ "protocols:rf-room-survey", "quantities:power-density" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/broadband-rf-meter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/broadband-rf-meter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/broadband-rf-meter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:elf-gaussmeter", "collection": "meters", "slug": "elf-gaussmeter", "name": "ELF gaussmeter (power-frequency magnetic field)", "summary": "Measures 50/60 Hz magnetic flux density in milligauss or microtesla — the instrument for wiring faults, service panels, transformers and power lines.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "gaussmeter", "magnetic field meter", "milligauss meter" ], "measures": [ "magnetic-flux-density" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 30, "maxHz": 2000, "label": "power frequency plus low harmonics" }, "axes": "triple", "priceBandUsd": [ 50, 400 ], "detects": [ "Fields from house wiring, panels, transformers and overhead lines", "Net-current wiring faults, which show as whole-house elevation that does not fall off with distance", "Appliance fields at close range" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Radiofrequency sources of any kind", "Intermediate-frequency fields from induction hobs and inverters if the meter stops at 2 kHz", "Static (DC) magnetic fields unless the meter explicitly supports DC" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "Three-axis sensing, so the reading does not depend on how you hold it", "Milligauss resolution to 0.1 mG or better, since precautionary bands start at 0.2 mG", "Stated frequency response — a 50/60 Hz-only meter misses harmonics", "Data logging if you need a 24-hour average or a 95th percentile" ], "exampleModels": [ "TriField TF2", "Gigahertz Solutions ME3830B", "AlphaLab UHS2", "Extech 480826" ], "related": [ "protocols:elf-magnetic-survey", "quantities:magnetic-flux-density" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/elf-gaussmeter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/elf-gaussmeter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/elf-gaussmeter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:ac-electric-field-meter", "collection": "meters", "slug": "ac-electric-field-meter", "name": "AC electric field meter", "summary": "Reads power-frequency electric field strength in V/m, the quantity that reveals energised wiring behind a bed head even when no current is flowing.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "E-field meter", "electric field meter" ], "measures": [ "electric-field-strength" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 16.7, "maxHz": 2000, "label": "power frequency plus harmonics" }, "axes": "single", "priceBandUsd": [ 60, 500 ], "detects": [ "Live conductors in walls, floors and ceilings", "Unshielded lamp flex and extension leads near sleeping positions", "Ungrounded metal surfaces acting as re-radiators" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Magnetic fields — an unshielded conductor can show a high E field and negligible B field, and vice versa", "Radiofrequency fields" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "A defined measurement mode: potential-free or with ground reference, since the two disagree by a large factor", "A supplied grounding lead if ground-referenced readings are wanted", "Resolution to 1 V/m or better, since precautionary bands start at 1 V/m" ], "exampleModels": [ "TriField TF2", "Gigahertz Solutions ME3830B" ], "related": [ "protocols:body-voltage-survey", "limits:sbm-2024-electric-bands" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/ac-electric-field-meter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/ac-electric-field-meter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/ac-electric-field-meter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:body-voltage-kit", "collection": "meters", "slug": "body-voltage-kit", "name": "Body-voltage measurement kit", "summary": "A high-impedance millivoltmeter, a wrist or hand electrode and a ground reference: the standard building-biology method for grading bedroom electric fields.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "body voltage meter" ], "measures": [ "body-voltage" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 16.7, "maxHz": 2000, "label": "power frequency plus harmonics" }, "priceBandUsd": [ 80, 300 ], "detects": [ "Capacitive coupling from nearby energised wiring to the body", "The effect of unplugging individual devices, one at a time", "Whether a demand switch or shielded cable actually worked" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Magnetic fields", "Radiofrequency fields", "Anything comparable between homes unless the same grounding reference and protocol are used" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "Input impedance high enough not to load the measurement, typically ≥10 MΩ", "A defined ground reference: protective earth or a dedicated ground rod, documented in the report", "AC millivolt range with 1 mV resolution" ], "related": [ "quantities:body-voltage", "protocols:body-voltage-survey" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/body-voltage-kit", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/body-voltage-kit", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/body-voltage-kit.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:dirty-electricity-meter", "collection": "meters", "slug": "dirty-electricity-meter", "name": "Dirty-electricity (line harmonics) meter", "summary": "Plugs into a socket and reports high-frequency harmonic content riding on the mains, the quantity used to judge dimmers, LED drivers, inverters and switch-mode supplies.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Graham-Stetzer meter", "line noise meter", "microsurge meter" ], "measures": [ "electric-field-strength" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 2000, "maxHz": 1000000, "label": "conducted harmonics, roughly 2 kHz – 1 MHz" }, "priceBandUsd": [ 80, 400 ], "detects": [ "Harmonic content injected by phase-cutting dimmers and cheap switch-mode supplies", "Relative before/after effect of removing a suspected device", "Power-line-communication carriers used by some solar optimisers and smart appliances" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Radiated fields — this is a conducted measurement at the socket", "Which device is responsible, without switching devices off one at a time", "Anything expressible in a recognised SI exposure unit: the common 'GS units' scale is proprietary and not an exposure metric" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "A stated frequency window rather than an arbitrary index", "Readout that can be compared over time and between circuits", "Ideally an oscilloscope line adapter for anyone who needs the actual waveform" ], "related": [ "emitters:dimmer-switch", "emitters:led-lighting" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/dirty-electricity-meter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/dirty-electricity-meter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/dirty-electricity-meter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:spectrum-analyser", "collection": "meters", "slug": "spectrum-analyser", "name": "RF spectrum analyser", "summary": "Resolves a reading into its constituent services and frequencies — the only way to attribute an RF level to a specific band, operator or device.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "spectrum analyzer", "SDR analyser" ], "measures": [ "power-density", "electric-field-strength", "frequency" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 9000, "maxHz": 8000000000, "label": "instrument dependent" }, "priceBandUsd": [ 500, 20000 ], "detects": [ "Which band and service a reading comes from", "Pulse structure and duty cycle of a source", "Whether an elevated reading is one dominant emitter or many small ones" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Absolute exposure, unless used with a calibrated antenna and the correct antenna factor", "Low-frequency magnetic and electric fields" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "A calibrated antenna with a published antenna factor, which matters more than the analyser itself", "Max-hold and trace averaging", "Sufficient upper frequency for the bands in use locally, including C-band 5G" ], "related": [ "protocols:rf-room-survey", "emitters:macro-cell-tower" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/spectrum-analyser", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/spectrum-analyser", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/spectrum-analyser.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:directional-antenna", "collection": "meters", "slug": "directional-antenna", "name": "Directional antenna (log-periodic or horn)", "summary": "Used with an RF meter or analyser to find the bearing of a dominant source, distinguishing a tower on one azimuth from a neighbour's access point on another.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "log periodic antenna", "yagi", "horn antenna" ], "measures": [ "power-density" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 400000000, "maxHz": 8000000000, "label": "antenna dependent" }, "priceBandUsd": [ 100, 2000 ], "detects": [ "Direction of arrival of the dominant signal", "Whether shielding one facade will help" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Isotropic exposure — a directional antenna deliberately understates everything off-axis" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "Published antenna factor across the band, so readings convert to field strength", "Frequency coverage matched to the meter" ], "related": [ "meters:spectrum-analyser" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/directional-antenna", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/directional-antenna", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/directional-antenna.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:intermediate-frequency-meter", "collection": "meters", "slug": "intermediate-frequency-meter", "name": "Intermediate-frequency magnetic field meter", "summary": "Covers the kilohertz gap between an ELF gaussmeter and an RF meter — the band occupied by induction hobs, EV inverters, solar optimisers and switch-mode supplies.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "IF meter", "kHz magnetic field meter" ], "measures": [ "magnetic-flux-density" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 2000, "maxHz": 400000, "label": "roughly 2 kHz – 400 kHz" }, "axes": "triple", "priceBandUsd": [ 200, 2000 ], "detects": [ "Induction cooktop coil fields", "Inverter and optimiser switching fields", "Wireless-charging pads" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Power-frequency fields, on meters that high-pass filter 50/60 Hz out", "Radiofrequency communications signals" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "Stated flat frequency response across the band of interest", "Three-axis sensing", "A clear statement of which ICNIRP reference level applies to readings in this band" ], "related": [ "emitters:induction-cooktop", "emitters:electric-vehicle" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2010", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/lf-guidelines-2010.html", "year": 2010, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/intermediate-frequency-meter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/intermediate-frequency-meter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/intermediate-frequency-meter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:data-logger", "collection": "meters", "slug": "data-logger", "name": "Logging EMF instrument", "summary": "Any of the above with unattended recording: required whenever the assessment depends on an average, a night-time value or a 95th percentile rather than a spot reading.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "EMF logger", "24 hour logging meter" ], "measures": [ "magnetic-flux-density", "power-density", "electric-field-strength" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 30, "maxHz": 8000000000, "label": "instrument dependent" }, "priceBandUsd": [ 200, 3000 ], "detects": [ "Diurnal variation in power-line loading", "Night-time smart-meter and mesh traffic", "Intermittent sources that a spot survey misses entirely" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Anything outside the host instrument's band" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "Sample interval fast enough for pulsed sources, with peak capture per interval", "Exportable raw data, not just a summary screenshot", "Battery life covering the full logging window" ], "related": [ "protocols:elf-magnetic-survey", "emitters:transmission-line" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/data-logger", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/data-logger", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/data-logger.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:microwave-leakage-tester", "collection": "meters", "slug": "microwave-leakage-tester", "name": "Microwave oven leakage tester", "summary": "A 2.45 GHz probe scaled for the FDA leakage limit of 5 mW/cm² at 5 cm — a range where ordinary consumer RF meters saturate.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "microwave leak detector" ], "measures": [ "power-density" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 2400000000, "maxHz": 2500000000, "label": "2.45 GHz ISM" }, "priceBandUsd": [ 30, 800 ], "detects": [ "Door-seal and hinge leakage at the 5 cm reference distance" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Communications signals — single-band instruments are blind outside 2.45 GHz", "Compliance, in the regulatory sense: FDA compliance testing uses a specified load and probe" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "Range covering at least 5 mW/cm² without saturating", "A spacer that fixes the 5 cm reference distance" ], "related": [ "emitters:microwave-oven" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fda-microwave", "title": "Microwave Ovens", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/resources-you-radiation-emitting-products/microwave-oven-radiation", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/microwave-leakage-tester", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/microwave-leakage-tester", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/microwave-leakage-tester.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:flicker-meter", "collection": "meters", "slug": "flicker-meter", "name": "Light flicker meter", "summary": "Measures modulation depth and frequency of a light source, the optical counterpart to dirty-electricity measurements and the metric behind LED comfort complaints.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "flicker tester", "percent flicker meter" ], "measures": [ "frequency" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 0, "maxHz": 100000, "label": "optical modulation" }, "priceBandUsd": [ 40, 600 ], "detects": [ "Percent flicker and flicker index of lamps and screens", "Driver quality differences between lamps" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Any electromagnetic field quantity — this measures light, not EMF" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "Reports percent flicker and frequency, not a pass/fail light", "Sample rate high enough for kilohertz PWM dimming" ], "related": [ "emitters:led-lighting" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/flicker-meter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/flicker-meter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/flicker-meter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } }, { "id": "meters:oscilloscope-line-adapter", "collection": "meters", "slug": "oscilloscope-line-adapter", "name": "Oscilloscope line adapter", "summary": "A protected coupling that lets an oscilloscope show the actual mains waveform and its harmonic content, replacing a proprietary dirty-electricity index with a measurable spectrum.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "line probe", "mains waveform adapter" ], "measures": [ "electric-field-strength", "frequency" ], "bandCovered": { "minHz": 50, "maxHz": 10000000, "label": "conducted, adapter dependent" }, "priceBandUsd": [ 100, 1000 ], "detects": [ "Actual waveform distortion, transients and carrier frequencies on the circuit", "Which harmonic order a filter is or is not removing" ], "cannotDetect": [ "Radiated fields", "Exposure, in the sense of any exposure standard" ], "buyingCriteria": [ "Galvanic isolation and correct voltage rating for the mains supply", "Documented frequency response" ], "related": [ "meters:dirty-electricity-meter" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters/oscilloscope-line-adapter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/meters/oscilloscope-line-adapter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/meters/oscilloscope-line-adapter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/meters" } } ] }, "shielding": { "collection": "shielding", "name": "Shielding & remediation", "description": "Shielding material classes and remediation measures with datasheet attenuation, grounding requirements, and documented failure modes.", "count": 10, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "shielding:shielding-fabric", "collection": "shielding", "slug": "fabric", "name": "Metallised shielding fabric (silver or copper on polyester)", "summary": "Curtains, bed canopies and clothing woven with silver or copper, typically quoted at 30–50 dB across the cellular and Wi-Fi bands — enough to remove 99.9% of incident power density when installed without gaps.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "EMF fabric", "shielding curtain", "bed canopy", "faraday fabric" ], "form": "fabric", "attenuation": { "value": 30, "max": 50, "band": "roughly 900 MHz – 6 GHz, datasheet values for flat samples", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, "targets": [ "radiofrequency" ], "requiresGrounding": false, "failureModes": [ "Any unclosed gap dominates the result: a canopy left open at one edge can measure barely better than no canopy", "Silver coatings degrade with washing, abrasion and perspiration; conductivity loss is invisible", "Reflective by design — a partially enclosed space can raise levels inside it if a transmitter is inside the enclosure", "Grounding a canopy does nothing for RF and can create a low-frequency electric-field problem if done incorrectly" ], "related": [ "quantities:attenuation", "protocols:shielding-verification" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding/fabric", "html": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/fabric", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/fabric.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding" } }, { "id": "shielding:shielding-paint", "collection": "shielding", "slug": "paint", "name": "Carbon or nickel shielding paint", "summary": "A conductive coating applied to walls and ceilings, quoted at 30–40 dB in the cellular bands; it must be bonded to a grounded conductive strip to also control low-frequency electric fields.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "EMF paint", "shielding primer", "carbon paint", "Y-Shield" ], "form": "paint", "attenuation": { "value": 30, "max": 40, "band": "roughly 900 MHz – 6 GHz, two coats, datasheet values", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, "targets": [ "radiofrequency", "elf-electric" ], "requiresGrounding": true, "failureModes": [ "Ungrounded conductive paint can raise the AC electric field in the room by acting as a floating conductor", "Windows, doors and service penetrations bypass the coating entirely — the wall is rarely the dominant path", "Coating one wall while the signal arrives through the window produces no measurable improvement", "Overpainting with metallic or foil-backed products changes the result unpredictably" ], "related": [ "shielding:window-film", "protocols:shielding-verification" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding/paint", "html": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/paint", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/paint.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding" } }, { "id": "shielding:shielding-window-film", "collection": "shielding", "slug": "window-film", "name": "RF-attenuating window film", "summary": "A metallised film bonded to glazing, typically quoted at 20–35 dB, and usually the highest-value single intervention because glass is the dominant entry path for outdoor RF.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "EMF window film", "metallised film", "solar shielding film" ], "form": "film", "attenuation": { "value": 20, "max": 35, "band": "roughly 900 MHz – 6 GHz, datasheet values", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, "targets": [ "radiofrequency" ], "requiresGrounding": false, "failureModes": [ "Attenuates mobile reception inside the room as well, which is often discovered after installation", "Frame and reveal leakage limits the achievable result; film stops at the glass edge", "Some films void glazing warranties or cause thermal stress on toughened units", "Low-E glazing already provides significant attenuation, so the marginal gain can be small — measure first" ], "related": [ "emitters:macro-cell-tower", "emitters:5g-small-cell" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding/window-film", "html": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/window-film", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/window-film.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding" } }, { "id": "shielding:shielding-mesh", "collection": "shielding", "slug": "mesh", "name": "Metal mesh and expanded-metal screen", "summary": "Woven or expanded metal used in wall build-ups, vents and window screens; attenuation depends on aperture size relative to wavelength, so a mesh that works at 900 MHz can leak badly at 5 GHz.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "faraday mesh", "shielding screen", "wire mesh" ], "form": "mesh", "attenuation": { "value": 20, "max": 40, "band": "aperture dependent; performance degrades as wavelength approaches aperture size", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, "targets": [ "radiofrequency" ], "requiresGrounding": true, "failureModes": [ "Aperture too large for the frequency of interest: mesh is a low-pass structure", "Panels not bonded to each other, leaving slot antennas at every seam", "Corrosion at fixings destroys electrical continuity over time" ], "related": [ "quantities:attenuation" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding/mesh", "html": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/mesh", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/mesh.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding" } }, { "id": "shielding:shielding-foil", "collection": "shielding", "slug": "foil", "name": "Aluminium foil and foil-faced board", "summary": "A continuous metal layer is a near-perfect RF barrier in principle — 40 dB and better — but seams, staples and penetrations mean installed performance is governed entirely by workmanship.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "aluminium foil shielding", "foil insulation board" ], "form": "foil", "attenuation": { "value": 30, "max": 60, "band": "broadband, workmanship dominated", "sourceIds": [ "sbm-2024" ] }, "targets": [ "radiofrequency" ], "requiresGrounding": true, "failureModes": [ "Unbonded seams behave as slot apertures and can leak more than the surrounding material blocks", "Creates a vapour barrier where none was designed, risking condensation inside the build-up", "Ungrounded foil can increase AC electric field readings in the room" ], "related": [ "shielding:paint" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding/foil", "html": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/foil", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/foil.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding" } }, { "id": "shielding:shielding-mu-metal", "collection": "shielding", "slug": "high-permeability-alloy", "name": "High-permeability alloy (mu-metal) magnetic shielding", "summary": "The only material class that meaningfully attenuates power-frequency magnetic fields, and even then typically by a factor of two to five in a retrofit — which is why distance and source correction are preferred.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "mu metal", "magnetic shielding", "nickel iron alloy" ], "form": "paneling", "attenuation": { "value": 3, "max": 14, "band": "50/60 Hz magnetic; roughly a factor of 1.5–5 in field strength for practical retrofits", "sourceIds": [ "niehs-emf" ] }, "targets": [ "elf-magnetic" ], "requiresGrounding": false, "failureModes": [ "Performance collapses if the sheet is bent, drilled or mechanically shocked after annealing", "Saturates in strong fields, at which point it stops shielding", "Only useful for compact, well-defined sources; useless against a whole-house net-current fault", "Cost per square metre is orders of magnitude above RF materials for a much smaller benefit" ], "related": [ "emitters:transmission-line", "quantities:magnetic-flux-density" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding/high-permeability-alloy", "html": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/high-permeability-alloy", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/high-permeability-alloy.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding" } }, { "id": "shielding:shielding-demand-switch", "collection": "shielding", "slug": "demand-switch", "name": "Demand switch (Netzfreischalter)", "summary": "A relay in the consumer unit that de-energises a circuit when no load is drawing current and re-energises it when a switch is thrown, eliminating the bedroom AC electric field overnight.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Netzfreischalter", "automatic circuit cutoff", "demand shutoff" ], "form": "filter", "targets": [ "elf-electric" ], "requiresGrounding": false, "failureModes": [ "Does nothing for magnetic fields, RF, or circuits other than the one it controls", "Standby loads on the protected circuit keep it energised, defeating the purpose", "Requires a qualified electrician and must not be fitted to circuits serving safety devices such as alarms or medical equipment" ], "related": [ "emitters:bedroom-wiring-electric-field", "limits:sbm-2024-electric-bands" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding/demand-switch", "html": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/demand-switch", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/demand-switch.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding" } }, { "id": "shielding:shielding-line-filter", "collection": "shielding", "slug": "line-filter", "name": "Plug-in line filter (dirty-electricity filter)", "summary": "A capacitive filter that shunts high-frequency harmonics on a circuit; effects are circuit-specific, can shift harmonics rather than remove them, and can raise magnetic fields near the filter itself.", "status": "provisional", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "dirty electricity filter", "Greenwave filter", "Stetzerizer filter" ], "form": "filter", "targets": [ "dirty-electricity" ], "requiresGrounding": false, "failureModes": [ "Filters draw current, which raises the local magnetic field around the socket they occupy", "Can move harmonic energy to a different frequency band instead of removing it, improving one index while worsening another", "No recognised exposure unit to verify against; the common proprietary index is not an exposure metric", "Fixing the source (dimmer, driver, inverter) is cheaper and permanent" ], "related": [ "emitters:dimmer-switch", "meters:dirty-electricity-meter" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding/line-filter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/line-filter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/line-filter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding" } }, { "id": "shielding:shielding-shielded-cable", "collection": "shielding", "slug": "shielded-cable", "name": "Shielded mains cable and shielded conduit", "summary": "Screened NYM-style cable or metal conduit with a grounded screen removes the AC electric field at source, and is the correct fix during construction or rewiring.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "screened cable", "shielded romex", "metal conduit" ], "form": "paneling", "targets": [ "elf-electric" ], "requiresGrounding": true, "failureModes": [ "The screen must be bonded to protective earth at one defined point; an unbonded screen provides no benefit", "Does not reduce magnetic fields — those come from current, not from the conductor's field", "Only effective for the runs actually replaced; a single unshielded lamp flex can dominate the room again" ], "related": [ "emitters:bedroom-wiring-electric-field", "shielding:demand-switch" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding/shielded-cable", "html": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/shielded-cable", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/shielded-cable.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding" } }, { "id": "shielding:shielding-ethernet-conversion", "collection": "shielding", "slug": "wired-conversion", "name": "Wired conversion (Ethernet, corded peripherals)", "summary": "Replacing radios with cable is the only measure that removes an RF source instead of attenuating it, and it is usually cheaper than shielding the room the source sits in.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "hardwiring", "ethernet instead of wifi" ], "form": "filter", "targets": [ "radiofrequency" ], "requiresGrounding": false, "failureModes": [ "Devices often keep their radios on after being cabled; the radio must be explicitly disabled", "Power-line networking adapters replace an RF source with a conducted-harmonics source", "Unshielded patch cable near a bed can carry common-mode noise; use shielded cable and a single bonding point" ], "related": [ "emitters:wifi-router", "emitters:wifi-security-camera" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding/wired-conversion", "html": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/wired-conversion", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/shielding/wired-conversion.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/shielding" } } ] }, "studies": { "collection": "studies", "name": "Research record", "description": "Key studies and hazard classifications, each stating what was found, what it can and cannot establish, and where it sits in the evidence base.", "count": 10, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "studies:iarc-2b-rf-2011", "collection": "studies", "slug": "iarc-2011-rf-group-2b", "name": "IARC classification of radiofrequency fields as Group 2B (2011)", "summary": "IARC classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) based on limited evidence for glioma and acoustic neuroma from heavy mobile phone use.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "authors": "IARC Monograph Working Group", "year": 2011, "design": "classification", "exposure": "Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, primarily from mobile phone handsets held to the head", "finding": "Group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans. The classification rested on limited evidence in humans for glioma and acoustic neuroma among the heaviest users in case–control data, and limited evidence in experimental animals.", "limitations": "Group 2B is a statement about the strength of evidence, not about the size of any risk. The same category contains agents whose evidence is weak but not dismissible. The classification does not quantify risk, does not establish causation, and predates the NTP and Ramazzini animal studies and the 2024 WHO-commissioned review.", "weight": "hazard-classification", "url": "https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr208_E.pdf", "related": [ "emitters:smartphone", "studies:interphone-2010", "studies:who-rf-review-2024" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iarc-2b-rf", "title": "IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), Press Release N° 208", "publisher": "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "url": "https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr208_E.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-emf-rf", "title": "Radiation: Electromagnetic fields (questions and answers)", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-electromagnetic-fields", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/iarc-2011-rf-group-2b", "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/iarc-2011-rf-group-2b", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/iarc-2011-rf-group-2b.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies" } }, { "id": "studies:iarc-elf-2b-2002", "collection": "studies", "slug": "iarc-2002-elf-magnetic-group-2b", "name": "IARC classification of ELF magnetic fields as Group 2B (2002)", "summary": "IARC classified extremely low frequency magnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) on the basis of consistent epidemiological associations with childhood leukaemia above roughly 0.3–0.4 µT.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "authors": "IARC Monograph Working Group (Monograph 80)", "year": 2002, "design": "classification", "exposure": "Power-frequency (50/60 Hz) magnetic fields, residential time-weighted average exposure", "finding": "Group 2B, driven by pooled analyses showing roughly a doubling of childhood leukaemia risk at time-weighted average exposures above 0.3–0.4 µT (3–4 mG), a level reached in only a small percentage of homes.", "limitations": "No established biophysical mechanism at these field strengths, and selection bias and confounding cannot be excluded in the underlying studies. Animal and in-vitro evidence was considered inadequate. The association has not been shown to be causal.", "weight": "hazard-classification", "url": "https://publications.iarc.who.int/99", "related": [ "limits:who-elf-leukaemia-association", "emitters:transmission-line" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iarc-monograph-80", "title": "IARC Monographs Volume 80: Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "url": "https://publications.iarc.who.int/98", "year": 2002, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ahlbom-2000", "title": "A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia", "publisher": "British Journal of Cancer", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10970686/", "year": 2000, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/iarc-2002-elf-magnetic-group-2b", "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/iarc-2002-elf-magnetic-group-2b", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/iarc-2002-elf-magnetic-group-2b.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies" } }, { "id": "studies:ahlbom-2000", "collection": "studies", "slug": "ahlbom-2000-pooled-childhood-leukaemia", "name": "Ahlbom et al. pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia (2000)", "summary": "A pooled analysis of nine studies that produced the 0.3–0.4 µT figure still cited in every ELF policy discussion, reporting roughly twice the relative risk above that level.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "authors": "Ahlbom A, Day N, Feychting M, et al.", "year": 2000, "design": "systematic-review", "exposure": "Residential 50/60 Hz magnetic field, time-weighted average", "finding": "No excess risk below 0.4 µT; a relative risk of about 2.0 for exposures at or above 0.4 µT, consistent across the pooled datasets.", "limitations": "Very few children were in the highest exposure category, so the estimate is statistically fragile. Possible selection bias in participation, and no mechanistic explanation. Pooling reduces random error but not shared systematic error.", "weight": "high", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10970686/", "related": [ "studies:iarc-elf-2b-2002", "limits:who-elf-leukaemia-association" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ahlbom-2000", "title": "A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia", "publisher": "British Journal of Cancer", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10970686/", "year": 2000, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/ahlbom-2000-pooled-childhood-leukaemia", "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/ahlbom-2000-pooled-childhood-leukaemia", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/ahlbom-2000-pooled-childhood-leukaemia.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies" } }, { "id": "studies:interphone-2010", "collection": "studies", "slug": "interphone-2010", "name": "INTERPHONE international case–control study (2010)", "summary": "The largest case–control study of mobile phone use and brain tumours found no overall increase in glioma or meningioma, with a raised glioma odds ratio confined to the highest decile of reported call time.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "authors": "INTERPHONE Study Group", "year": 2010, "design": "case-control", "exposure": "Cumulative mobile phone call time, self-reported, 13 countries", "finding": "No increase in glioma or meningioma overall. In the highest decile of cumulative call time (≥1640 hours) the glioma odds ratio was about 1.4, which the authors judged possibly explained by bias and error rather than a causal effect.", "limitations": "Exposure was recalled by participants, and recall bias is documented in the study itself; some odds ratios fell implausibly below 1.0 for moderate use, indicating methodological error. Handset technology has changed substantially since the exposure period.", "weight": "high", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/39/3/675/632606", "related": [ "studies:iarc-2b-rf-2011", "emitters:smartphone" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "interphone-2010", "title": "Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case–control study", "publisher": "International Journal of Epidemiology (INTERPHONE Study Group)", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/39/3/675/632606", "year": 2010, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "nih-nci-cellphones", "title": "Cell Phones and Cancer Risk", "publisher": "National Cancer Institute", "url": "https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/cell-phones-fact-sheet", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/interphone-2010", "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/interphone-2010", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/interphone-2010.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies" } }, { "id": "studies:danish-cohort-2011", "collection": "studies", "slug": "danish-cohort-2011", "name": "Danish cohort study of mobile subscribers (2011 update)", "summary": "A nationwide cohort using subscription records rather than recall found no elevated brain tumour incidence among long-term subscribers, including those with 13 or more years of subscription.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "authors": "Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, et al.", "year": 2011, "design": "cohort", "exposure": "Mobile phone subscription duration from operator records, Danish population", "finding": "No increased risk of tumours of the central nervous system among long-term subscribers.", "limitations": "Subscription is a crude proxy for use: corporate subscriptions were excluded and non-subscribing users misclassified, both of which dilute any true effect. No data on call time or on which side of the head was used.", "weight": "high", "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d6387", "related": [ "studies:interphone-2010" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "danish-cohort-2011", "title": "Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study", "publisher": "BMJ", "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d6387", "year": 2011, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/danish-cohort-2011", "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/danish-cohort-2011", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/danish-cohort-2011.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies" } }, { "id": "studies:ntp-2018", "collection": "studies", "slug": "ntp-2018-cellphone-rfr", "name": "NTP rodent carcinogenicity studies of cell phone radiofrequency radiation (2018)", "summary": "Two-year whole-body exposure studies found clear evidence of malignant schwannomas of the heart in male rats at exposure levels above the human whole-body limit, with no such finding in female rats or in mice.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "authors": "U.S. National Toxicology Program", "year": 2018, "design": "animal", "exposure": "Whole-body GSM- and CDMA-modulated RF at 900 MHz (rats) and 1900 MHz (mice), 1.5–6 W/kg whole-body SAR, roughly 9 hours per day for two years, from before birth", "finding": "Clear evidence of carcinogenic activity: malignant schwannoma of the heart in male rats. Equivocal evidence for glioma in male rats. No clear evidence in female rats or in mice of either sex.", "limitations": "Whole-body SAR levels were at or above the human whole-body limit and produced measurable tissue heating at the highest level. Exposed male rats survived longer than controls, complicating interpretation. Rodent heart schwannoma has no clear human counterpart in the epidemiology, and NTP itself stated the findings should not be extrapolated directly to human phone use.", "weight": "high", "url": "https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/topics/cellphones", "related": [ "studies:ramazzini-2018", "studies:iarc-2b-rf-2011" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ntp-cellphone", "title": "Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation Studies", "publisher": "National Toxicology Program, U.S. NIEHS", "url": "https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/topics/cellphones", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/ntp-2018-cellphone-rfr", "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/ntp-2018-cellphone-rfr", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/ntp-2018-cellphone-rfr.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies" } }, { "id": "studies:ramazzini-2018", "collection": "studies", "slug": "ramazzini-2018-base-station-rfr", "name": "Ramazzini Institute far-field base-station exposure study (2018)", "summary": "A lifespan rat study at far-field, base-station-like levels reported the same rare heart schwannoma signal as the NTP study, at much lower exposure intensities.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "authors": "Falcioni L, Bua L, Tibaldi E, et al. (Ramazzini Institute)", "year": 2018, "design": "animal", "exposure": "Far-field 1.8 GHz GSM at whole-body SAR of 0.001–0.1 W/kg, 19 hours per day from prenatal life to natural death", "finding": "A statistically significant increase in heart schwannomas in male rats at the highest dose, concordant in tumour type with the NTP findings despite far lower exposure.", "limitations": "Effect was confined to male rats at the highest of three levels, with small numbers of affected animals. Historical-control comparisons and statistical approach have been contested. Concordance with NTP strengthens the signal but neither study establishes a human risk.", "weight": "moderate", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29530389/", "related": [ "studies:ntp-2018" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ramazzini-2018", "title": "Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission", "publisher": "Environmental Research (Ramazzini Institute)", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29530389/", "year": 2018, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/ramazzini-2018-base-station-rfr", "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/ramazzini-2018-base-station-rfr", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/ramazzini-2018-base-station-rfr.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies" } }, { "id": "studies:who-rf-review-2024", "collection": "studies", "slug": "who-rf-cancer-review-2024", "name": "WHO-commissioned systematic review of RF exposure and cancer in humans (2024)", "summary": "A systematic review and meta-analysis of human observational studies found no association between mobile phone use and brain or head-and-neck cancers, including for long-term and heavy use.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "authors": "Karipidis K, Baaken D, Loney T, et al.", "year": 2024, "design": "systematic-review", "exposure": "Mobile phone use, cordless phone use, and occupational and environmental RF exposure", "finding": "No association between mobile phone use and glioma, meningioma, acoustic neuroma, or pituitary and salivary gland tumours, including among people reporting ten or more years of use and the highest cumulative call time. Certainty of evidence was rated moderate to low depending on outcome.", "limitations": "Underlying studies rely largely on self-reported exposure and predate widespread 5G deployment. Absence of an observed association at population level does not exclude a small effect in a subgroup, and the review addresses cancer only, not other endpoints.", "weight": "high", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412024005531", "related": [ "studies:iarc-2b-rf-2011", "studies:interphone-2010" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "who-rf-review-2024", "title": "The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: a systematic review of human observational studies", "publisher": "Environment International (WHO-commissioned systematic review)", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412024005531", "year": 2024, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-emf-rf", "title": "Radiation: Electromagnetic fields (questions and answers)", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-electromagnetic-fields", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/who-rf-cancer-review-2024", "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/who-rf-cancer-review-2024", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/who-rf-cancer-review-2024.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies" } }, { "id": "studies:cosmos-cohort", "collection": "studies", "slug": "cosmos-cohort", "name": "COSMOS prospective cohort of mobile phone users", "summary": "An international prospective cohort that records phone use from operator data rather than recall, designed to address the recall-bias problem that limits the case–control literature.", "status": "provisional", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "authors": "COSMOS consortium", "year": 2024, "design": "cohort", "exposure": "Operator-recorded call time and data use, with long-term follow-up for cancer and other outcomes", "finding": "Published analyses to date report no association between mobile phone call time and headache, tinnitus, sleep quality or, in reported cancer analyses, brain tumour incidence. Follow-up is ongoing.", "limitations": "Follow-up is still short relative to plausible latency for brain tumours, and participants are volunteers. Consult the consortium's publication list for the current state rather than relying on any single result.", "weight": "moderate", "url": "https://www.ukcosmos.org/", "related": [ "studies:who-rf-review-2024" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "cosmos-2024", "title": "COSMOS cohort study of mobile phone use and health outcomes", "publisher": "Imperial College London / COSMOS consortium", "url": "https://www.ukcosmos.org/", "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/cosmos-cohort", "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/cosmos-cohort", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/cosmos-cohort.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies" } }, { "id": "studies:who-ehs-2005", "collection": "studies", "slug": "who-electromagnetic-hypersensitivity", "name": "WHO position on electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS)", "summary": "WHO recognises that people report real and sometimes disabling symptoms they attribute to EMF, while provocation studies have not shown that participants can detect field presence or that symptoms track actual exposure.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "authors": "World Health Organization", "year": 2005, "design": "systematic-review", "exposure": "Self-reported sensitivity to a range of EMF sources", "finding": "Symptoms are genuine and can be severe, but blinded provocation studies do not support EMF exposure as their cause; WHO describes the condition as idiopathic environmental intolerance and recommends clinical evaluation of the symptoms themselves.", "limitations": "Provocation studies vary widely in design, exposure characterisation, and participant selection, and a physiological mechanism has neither been demonstrated nor ruled out. This record describes the WHO position; it is not medical advice and does not dismiss individual experience.", "weight": "contested", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/hypersensitivity", "related": [ "limits:europaem-2016-wifi-night", "questions:is-emf-sensitivity-real" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "who-ehs", "title": "Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (WHO backgrounder, December 2005; formerly Fact sheet 296)", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/hypersensitivity", "year": 2005, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies/who-electromagnetic-hypersensitivity", "html": "https://emfbase.com/studies/who-electromagnetic-hypersensitivity", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/studies/who-electromagnetic-hypersensitivity.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/studies" } } ] }, "organizations": { "collection": "organizations", "name": "Organizations", "description": "Regulators, standards bodies, health authorities, certifying institutes and advocacy groups, with jurisdiction and role.", "count": 17, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "organizations:fcc", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "fcc", "name": "Federal Communications Commission (FCC)", "summary": "The U.S. regulator that sets and enforces legally binding RF exposure limits, authorises equipment, and publishes the SAR and tower databases underlying most U.S. EMF questions.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Federal Communications Commission" ], "role": "regulator", "jurisdiction": [ "US" ], "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/radio-frequency-safety-0", "related": [ "standards:fcc-mpe", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-rf-safety", "title": "Radio Frequency Safety", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/radio-frequency-safety-0", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-eas", "title": "Equipment Authorization Search (FCC ID lookup, includes SAR test reports)", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-asr", "title": "Antenna Structure Registration (ASR) public access database downloads", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/data/public-access-files-database-downloads", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/fcc", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/fcc", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/fcc.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:icnirp", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "icnirp", "name": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)", "summary": "The independent scientific body whose exposure guidelines are adopted, in whole or in part, by the EU and most countries outside the United States.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "ICNIRP" ], "role": "standards-body", "jurisdiction": [ "International" ], "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/", "related": [ "standards:icnirp-2020", "standards:icnirp-2010" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2010", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/lf-guidelines-2010.html", "year": 2010, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/icnirp", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/icnirp", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/icnirp.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:who", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "who", "name": "World Health Organization (WHO)", "summary": "Maintains the international EMF health-evidence assessments, commissions systematic reviews, and publishes the position statements national authorities cite.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "role": "health-authority", "jurisdiction": [ "International" ], "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing", "related": [ "studies:who-rf-review-2024", "studies:who-ehs-2005" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "who-emf-rf", "title": "Radiation: Electromagnetic fields (questions and answers)", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-electromagnetic-fields", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-ehs", "title": "Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (WHO backgrounder, December 2005; formerly Fact sheet 296)", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/hypersensitivity", "year": 2005, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/who", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/who", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/who.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:iarc", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "iarc", "name": "International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)", "summary": "The WHO agency that classifies carcinogenic hazard; responsible for the Group 2B classifications of both RF fields (2011) and ELF magnetic fields (2002).", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "role": "research", "jurisdiction": [ "International" ], "url": "https://www.iarc.who.int/", "related": [ "studies:iarc-2b-rf-2011", "studies:iarc-elf-2b-2002" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iarc-2b-rf", "title": "IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), Press Release N° 208", "publisher": "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "url": "https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr208_E.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "iarc-monograph-80", "title": "IARC Monographs Volume 80: Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "url": "https://publications.iarc.who.int/98", "year": 2002, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/iarc", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/iarc", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/iarc.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:ieee-ices", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "ieee-ices", "name": "IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES)", "summary": "Develops the IEEE C95 series of exposure standards, which are harmonised with ICNIRP in most respects and referenced by some regulators and employers.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "IEEE ICES", "IEEE C95" ], "role": "standards-body", "jurisdiction": [ "International", "US" ], "url": "https://www.ices-emfsafety.org/", "related": [ "standards:ieee-c95-1" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ieee-c95-1", "title": "IEEE C95.1-2019 — Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz", "publisher": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "url": "https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/C95.1/4940/", "year": 2019, "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/ieee-ices", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/ieee-ices", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/ieee-ices.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:arpansa", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "arpansa", "name": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)", "summary": "Australia's radiation protection authority, and one of the clearest public sources of measured base-station and Wi-Fi exposure data.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "role": "regulator", "jurisdiction": [ "AU" ], "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/", "related": [ "emitters:macro-cell-tower", "emitters:wifi-router" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "arpansa-base-stations", "title": "Mobile phone base stations and health", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/more-radiation-sources/mobile-phone-base-stations", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "arpansa-wifi", "title": "Wi-Fi and health", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/more-radiation-sources/wifi", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/arpansa", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/arpansa", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/arpansa.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:niehs", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "niehs", "name": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)", "summary": "U.S. institute that ran the EMF RAPID research program and publishes the appliance and power-line field measurements used as reference ranges for ELF exposure.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "role": "research", "jurisdiction": [ "US" ], "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "related": [ "emitters:household-background-magnetic", "studies:ntp-2018" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ntp-cellphone", "title": "Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation Studies", "publisher": "National Toxicology Program, U.S. NIEHS", "url": "https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/topics/cellphones", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/niehs", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/niehs", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/niehs.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:fda", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "fda", "name": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)", "summary": "Regulates radiation-emitting electronic products including microwave ovens, and reviews the evidence base for RF exposure from consumer devices.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "role": "regulator", "jurisdiction": [ "US" ], "url": "https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products", "related": [ "emitters:microwave-oven" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fda-microwave", "title": "Microwave Ovens", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/resources-you-radiation-emitting-products/microwave-oven-radiation", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/fda", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/fda", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/fda.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:ibn", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "ibn", "name": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "summary": "The German institute behind the SBM building biology testing methodology and its precautionary evaluation bands, and the training body for building-biology consultants.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Institute of Building Biology and Sustainability", "Baubiologie IBN" ], "role": "certification", "jurisdiction": [ "DE", "International" ], "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/", "certifications": [ "Building Biology Consultant IBN", "SBM-2024 testing methodology" ], "related": [ "standards:sbm-2024", "protocols:sleeping-area-assessment" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ibe-building-biology", "title": "Institute of Building Biology + Sustainability IBN — building biology testing and training", "publisher": "IBN / buildingbiology.com", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/", "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/ibn", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/ibn", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/ibn.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:europaem", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "europaem", "name": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine (EUROPAEM)", "summary": "A physicians' association that publishes precautionary EMF guideline values intended for clinical use; its values are far below regulatory limits and are not adopted by any regulator.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "role": "advocacy", "jurisdiction": [ "EU" ], "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/", "related": [ "standards:europaem-2016", "limits:europaem-2016-wifi-night" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "europaem-2016", "title": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems", "publisher": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/library/blog-en/97-europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "year": 2016, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/europaem", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/europaem", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/europaem.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:bioinitiative", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "bioinitiative", "name": "BioInitiative Working Group", "summary": "An independent group of scientists and advocates that published a large precautionary review proposing exposure targets orders of magnitude below regulatory limits; widely cited in advocacy and widely criticised by regulators.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "role": "advocacy", "jurisdiction": [ "International" ], "url": "https://bioinitiative.org/", "related": [ "standards:bioinitiative-2012" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bioinitiative-2012", "title": "BioInitiative Report 2012 (updated) — conclusions and recommended precautionary levels", "publisher": "BioInitiative Working Group", "url": "https://bioinitiative.org/conclusions/", "year": 2012, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/bioinitiative", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/bioinitiative", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/bioinitiative.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:bafu-ch", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "bafu", "name": "Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU/FOEN)", "summary": "Administers Switzerland's ONIR/NISV ordinance, which adds legally binding precautionary installation limit values well below ICNIRP reference levels at places of sensitive use.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "FOEN", "BAFU", "OFEV" ], "role": "regulator", "jurisdiction": [ "CH" ], "url": "https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/electrosmog.html", "related": [ "standards:ch-onir", "limits:ch-onir-installation-mobile" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ch-onir", "title": "Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (ONIR / NISV, SR 814.710)", "publisher": "Swiss Confederation", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/38/en", "year": 2000, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/bafu", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/bafu", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/bafu.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:health-canada", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "health-canada", "name": "Health Canada", "summary": "Publishes Safety Code 6, the Canadian RF exposure code that ISED adopts as the basis for certifying phones, base stations and broadcast antennas.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Santé Canada", "Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau" ], "role": "health-authority", "jurisdiction": [ "CA" ], "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-risks-safety/radiation/occupational-exposure-regulations/safety-code-6-radiofrequency-exposure-guidelines.html", "related": [ "standards:hc-safety-code-6", "limits:sc6-public-300-6000" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "hc-safety-code-6", "title": "Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Energy in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz (Safety Code 6)", "publisher": "Health Canada", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-risks-safety/limits-human-exposure-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-energy-range-3-300.html", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "hc-safety-code-6-pdf", "title": "Safety Code 6 (2015), H129-48/2015E-PDF — official PDF edition", "publisher": "Government of Canada Publications", "url": "https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/sc-hc/H129-48-2015-eng.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/health-canada", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/health-canada", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/health-canada.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:ofcom", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "ofcom", "name": "Ofcom", "summary": "The UK spectrum regulator, which since 2021 has enforced the ICNIRP general-public exposure limits through a condition attached to spectrum licences.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Office of Communications" ], "role": "regulator", "jurisdiction": [ "UK" ], "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/electromagnetic-fields/", "related": [ "standards:ofcom-emf-condition", "limits:ofcom-public-2-300ghz" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ofcom-emf-policy", "title": "Ofcom's rules on EMF exposure (EMF licence condition)", "publisher": "Ofcom", "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/electromagnetic-fields/policy", "year": 2021, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ofcom-emf-guidance", "title": "Guidance on EMF compliance and enforcement", "publisher": "Ofcom", "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/electromagnetic-fields/compliance-and-enforcement-guidance", "year": 2021, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/ofcom", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/ofcom", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/ofcom.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:india-dot", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "india-department-of-telecommunications", "name": "Department of Telecommunications, India (DoT)", "summary": "Sets and enforces India's base-station EMF limits at one tenth of the ICNIRP levels and publishes per-site compliance data through the Tarang Sanchar portal.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "DoT India", "Tarang Sanchar", "TERM Cell" ], "role": "regulator", "jurisdiction": [ "IN" ], "url": "https://tarangsanchar.gov.in/", "related": [ "standards:india-dot-emf", "limits:india-public-400-2000" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "india-tarang-norms", "title": "EMF radiation norms (Tarang Sanchar portal)", "publisher": "Department of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://tarangsanchar.gov.in/EMFPortalHi/DoT/EMFRadiationNorms", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "india-dgt-emf", "title": "Public awareness — EMF exposure limits from mobile towers", "publisher": "Directorate General of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://dgtelecom.gov.in/public-awareness/", "year": 2013, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/india-department-of-telecommunications", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/india-department-of-telecommunications", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/india-department-of-telecommunications.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:china-mee", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "china-ministry-of-ecology-and-environment", "name": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment (China)", "summary": "Issues and administers GB 8702-2014, the mandatory Chinese national standard for public exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields from 1 Hz to 300 GHz.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "MEE", "生态环境部", "MEP" ], "role": "regulator", "jurisdiction": [ "CN" ], "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/", "related": [ "standards:china-gb-8702", "limits:china-public-30-3000" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "china-gb-8702", "title": "GB 8702-2014 电磁环境控制限值 (Controlling limits for electromagnetic environment)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/hxxhj/dcfsbz/201410/t20141022_290449.htm", "year": 2014, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/china-ministry-of-ecology-and-environment", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/china-ministry-of-ecology-and-environment", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/china-ministry-of-ecology-and-environment.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } }, { "id": "organizations:bfs", "collection": "organizations", "slug": "german-federal-office-for-radiation-protection", "name": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS)", "summary": "German federal radiation protection authority. Publishes the public SAR database of manufacturer-declared values for mobile phones sold in Germany, measured to EN 62209-1 and EN 62209-2 with 10 g averaging.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "BfS", "German Federal Office for Radiation Protection", "Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz" ], "role": "health-authority", "jurisdiction": [ "DE" ], "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/home/home_node.html", "related": [ "protocols:sar-lookup", "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations/german-federal-office-for-radiation-protection", "html": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/german-federal-office-for-radiation-protection", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/organizations/german-federal-office-for-radiation-protection.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/organizations" } } ] }, "protocols": { "collection": "protocols", "name": "Measurement protocols", "description": "Reproducible measurement procedures: goal, equipment, ordered steps, pitfalls, and the limits to interpret results against.", "count": 7, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "protocols:rf-room-survey", "collection": "protocols", "slug": "rf-room-survey", "name": "RF room survey", "summary": "How to measure radiofrequency exposure in a room so the result is reproducible: peak and average, at body positions, with the dominant direction identified.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "how to measure wifi radiation", "RF survey" ], "goal": "Establish the peak and time-averaged RF power density at the positions people actually occupy, and identify the dominant source.", "quantity": "power-density", "equipment": [ "broadband-rf-meter", "directional-antenna", "spectrum-analyser" ], "steps": [ "Record the meter make, model, frequency range and last calibration date; every reading is meaningless without them.", "Note which transmitters are in the room and leave them in their normal state — do not switch things off yet.", "Set the meter to peak-hold and walk the room slowly, holding the antenna away from your body at head height.", "Record the maximum found, then take fixed readings at the pillow, the desk chair and the sofa position, 30 seconds each in peak-hold.", "Repeat those fixed readings in average mode; report both numbers, since limits are averaged and consumer discussion quotes peaks.", "Rotate slowly at the highest reading to find the direction of arrival, using a directional antenna if available, and note the bearing.", "Switch off internal transmitters one at a time (router, DECT base, cameras) and re-read to separate internal from external contributions.", "Record date, time of day, and weather; outdoor levels vary with network load and propagation." ], "pitfalls": [ "Reporting a peak-hold number as if it were an exposure level comparable to a regulatory limit — limits are time-averaged", "Holding the meter against the body, which blocks and reflects the field", "Using a meter whose lower frequency limit excludes the band you care about, and concluding there is nothing there", "Surveying once, at one time of day, and treating it as the household's exposure", "Not identifying whether the dominant source is inside the building, which determines whether shielding can help at all" ], "interpretAgainst": [ "limits:fcc-mpe-public-1500-100000", "limits:icnirp-2020-public-2-300ghz", "limits:sbm-2024-rf-no-anomaly", "limits:ch-onir-installation-mobile" ], "related": [ "emitters:wifi-router", "meters:broadband-rf-meter" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "arpansa-base-stations", "title": "Mobile phone base stations and health", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/more-radiation-sources/mobile-phone-base-stations", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols/rf-room-survey", "html": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/rf-room-survey", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/rf-room-survey.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols" } }, { "id": "protocols:elf-magnetic-survey", "collection": "protocols", "slug": "elf-magnetic-survey", "name": "ELF magnetic field survey", "summary": "A source-finding walkthrough plus a 24-hour log, because power-frequency magnetic fields track electrical load and a spot reading answers almost nothing.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "how to measure milligauss", "gaussmeter survey" ], "goal": "Find the source of any elevated 50/60 Hz magnetic field and quantify exposure at sleeping and working positions over a full day.", "quantity": "magnetic-flux-density", "equipment": [ "elf-gaussmeter", "data-logger" ], "steps": [ "Record meter model, axis configuration and frequency response.", "Walk the perimeter of each room with the meter at waist height, noting every local maximum and its apparent source.", "Measure at 0.3 m, 1 m and 3 m from each candidate source to confirm the inverse fall-off that identifies a compact source.", "Check the service panel, meter base, and both sides of every wall that backs onto one.", "If readings are elevated everywhere and do not fall off with distance, suspect net current on the neutral or a shared neutral, and involve an electrician.", "Log continuously for at least 24 hours at the pillow position, sampling at least once per second where the instrument allows.", "Report the mean, the night-time mean and the 95th percentile, not just the maximum." ], "pitfalls": [ "Spot-reading at one time of day, when line and household loading vary by several times", "Using a single-axis meter and rotating it inconsistently", "Assuming shielding is the fix; magnetic fields pass through nearly all common materials", "Missing a wiring fault, which is the one cause that raises the whole building and cannot be solved with distance", "Using a 50/60 Hz-only meter near inverters, EV chargers or induction hobs, where the energy is in the kilohertz range" ], "interpretAgainst": [ "limits:sbm-2024-magnetic-bands", "limits:who-elf-leukaemia-association", "limits:icnirp-2010-public-magnetic-50-60", "limits:ch-onir-power-lines" ], "related": [ "emitters:electrical-service-panel", "meters:elf-gaussmeter" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols/elf-magnetic-survey", "html": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/elf-magnetic-survey", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/elf-magnetic-survey.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols" } }, { "id": "protocols:body-voltage-survey", "collection": "protocols", "slug": "body-voltage-survey", "name": "Body-voltage measurement", "summary": "The building-biology method for grading a sleeping area's AC electric field: a high-impedance millivoltmeter, a hand electrode, and a documented ground reference.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "how to measure body voltage" ], "goal": "Quantify capacitive coupling from building wiring to a person at the sleeping position, and identify which circuits and devices contribute.", "quantity": "body-voltage", "equipment": [ "body-voltage-kit", "ac-electric-field-meter" ], "steps": [ "Establish and document the ground reference: protective earth at a socket, or a dedicated ground rod. Readings are not comparable across different references.", "Lie or sit in the normal sleeping position, holding the hand electrode, with the meter on AC millivolts.", "Record the baseline with the room in its normal night-time state.", "Unplug items one at a time — bedside lamp, charger, extension lead — recording the reading after each.", "Switch off individual circuits at the consumer unit, recording after each, to attribute the remainder to specific circuits.", "Repeat after any mitigation (demand switch, shielded cable, shielding paint) using the identical reference and posture.", "Report the ground reference, posture and circuit states alongside every number." ], "pitfalls": [ "Comparing a reading against someone else's number when the ground reference differs", "Assuming a low body voltage means low magnetic field exposure — the two are independent", "Grounding a shielding surface incorrectly and creating a larger field than before", "Working inside a consumer unit without a qualified electrician" ], "interpretAgainst": [ "limits:sbm-2024-electric-bands" ], "related": [ "emitters:bedroom-wiring-electric-field", "shielding:demand-switch" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols/body-voltage-survey", "html": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/body-voltage-survey", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/body-voltage-survey.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols" } }, { "id": "protocols:sleeping-area-assessment", "collection": "protocols", "slug": "sleeping-area-assessment", "name": "Sleeping-area assessment (full four-quantity survey)", "summary": "The combined survey building-biology practice applies to a bedroom: RF power density, AC magnetic field, AC electric field and body voltage, each graded against its own band.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "bedroom EMF survey", "sleeping area survey" ], "goal": "Produce a single defensible picture of a sleeping area across all four exposure quantities, with mitigation ordered by measured contribution.", "quantity": "power-density", "equipment": [ "broadband-rf-meter", "elf-gaussmeter", "ac-electric-field-meter", "body-voltage-kit", "data-logger" ], "steps": [ "Run the RF room survey, the ELF magnetic survey and the body-voltage measurement in that order, at the pillow position.", "Grade each result against the corresponding SBM-2024 band, and separately against the applicable regulatory limit, and report both.", "Rank the four quantities by how far each sits into its own precautionary band — this ranking, not intuition, determines what to fix first.", "Apply one mitigation at a time and re-measure only the affected quantity before proceeding.", "Re-run the full survey after all mitigations and archive both datasets with dates." ], "pitfalls": [ "Buying shielding before measuring, which is the most common and most expensive mistake", "Fixing the most-discussed source rather than the largest measured one", "Treating SBM precautionary bands as legal limits, or regulatory limits as safety targets — they answer different questions", "Changing several things at once, leaving no way to attribute the improvement" ], "interpretAgainst": [ "limits:sbm-2024-rf-no-anomaly", "limits:sbm-2024-magnetic-bands", "limits:sbm-2024-electric-bands", "limits:europaem-2016-wifi-night" ], "related": [ "organizations:ibn", "protocols:rf-room-survey" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "europaem-2016", "title": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems", "publisher": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/library/blog-en/97-europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "year": 2016, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols/sleeping-area-assessment", "html": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/sleeping-area-assessment", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/sleeping-area-assessment.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols" } }, { "id": "protocols:shielding-verification", "collection": "protocols", "slug": "shielding-verification", "name": "Shielding verification", "summary": "How to prove a shielding measure worked: identical instrument, position and source conditions before and after, reported in dB as well as in absolute units.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "test shielding effectiveness" ], "goal": "Quantify the actual installed attenuation of a shielding measure, rather than relying on the datasheet figure.", "quantity": "attenuation", "equipment": [ "broadband-rf-meter", "spectrum-analyser", "directional-antenna" ], "steps": [ "Before installation, record fixed-position readings in both peak and average mode, with the dominant source direction noted.", "Where possible use a stable reference source rather than ambient network traffic, whose level changes minute to minute.", "Install the measure, then repeat the readings at the identical positions with identical meter settings.", "Express the result as a ratio and in dB: 10 · log₁₀(S_before / S_after).", "Check the perimeter, seams, window reveals and any penetration for leakage, which usually dominates the result.", "Confirm no new problem was created: re-measure the AC electric field if a conductive surface was installed." ], "pitfalls": [ "Using ambient cellular traffic as the reference, so the before/after difference is mostly network load variation", "Expecting the datasheet dB figure; installed performance is routinely 10–20 dB worse", "Ignoring reflection: enclosing a transmitter can raise levels inside the enclosure", "Leaving a conductive surface ungrounded and increasing the low-frequency electric field" ], "interpretAgainst": [ "quantities:shielding-attenuation" ], "related": [ "shielding:paint", "shielding:window-film" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols/shielding-verification", "html": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/shielding-verification", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/shielding-verification.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols" } }, { "id": "protocols:sar-lookup", "collection": "protocols", "slug": "sar-lookup", "name": "Looking up a phone's SAR from the primary record", "summary": "How to get the tested SAR for a specific handset from the FCC equipment authorization database using the device's FCC ID, instead of relying on third-party lists.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "how to find phone SAR", "FCC ID lookup" ], "goal": "Retrieve the authoritative, model-specific SAR values for a device and interpret them against the correct limit.", "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "equipment": [], "steps": [ "Find the FCC ID: in device settings under regulatory or legal information, or printed on the device or its SIM tray.", "Search the FCC Equipment Authorization System by that ID and open the RF Exposure exhibits for the grant.", "Read the reported head SAR, body-worn SAR and, where present, simultaneous-transmission SAR, each with its test separation distance.", "Compare against the correct limit: 1.6 W/kg over 1 g in the U.S., 2 W/kg over 10 g under ICNIRP — the two are not interchangeable.", "Note the body-worn test separation distance; the reported value applies at that distance, not at zero.", "For a European 10 g figure, search the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection SAR database, which publishes the manufacturers' declarations per model; a selection is mirrored in this dataset's device SAR records." ], "pitfalls": [ "Comparing a U.S. 1 g SAR with a European 10 g SAR and concluding one phone is safer", "Treating SAR as a measure of everyday exposure; it is measured at maximum transmit power, which is rare in normal use", "Using aggregator sites whose values are stale or attached to the wrong hardware revision" ], "interpretAgainst": [ "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local" ], "related": [ "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-eas", "title": "Equipment Authorization Search (FCC ID lookup, includes SAR test reports)", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-2-1093", "title": "47 CFR § 2.1093 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable devices", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-2.1093", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols/sar-lookup", "html": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/sar-lookup", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/sar-lookup.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols" } }, { "id": "protocols:tower-lookup", "collection": "protocols", "slug": "tower-lookup", "name": "Identifying a nearby tower from public records", "summary": "How to establish what is actually on a mast — height, azimuth, licensee — from the FCC Antenna Structure Registration and licence databases before estimating exposure.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "find cell tower near me", "ASR lookup" ], "goal": "Replace assumptions about a nearby structure with its registered parameters, which change any exposure estimate by orders of magnitude.", "quantity": "power-density", "equipment": [ "broadband-rf-meter", "directional-antenna" ], "steps": [ "Search the FCC Antenna Structure Registration database by location to find registered structures and their coordinates and heights.", "Cross-reference the licence records for the structure to identify licensees, services and authorised parameters.", "Compute the geometry: horizontal distance, height difference, and the elevation angle from the dwelling to the antenna.", "Compare that angle with typical sector downtilt to judge whether the dwelling is in the main beam, a sidelobe, or below the pattern.", "Measure indoors and outdoors with a directional antenna to confirm the bearing matches the structure before attributing any reading to it." ], "pitfalls": [ "Assuming the closest structure is the dominant source; a farther tower on boresight often is", "Ignoring that structures below the registration height threshold, and many rooftop and small-cell installations, do not appear in ASR at all", "Estimating from EIRP alone without antenna pattern, which overstates ground-level exposure at the tower base substantially" ], "interpretAgainst": [ "limits:fcc-mpe-public-300-1500", "limits:ch-onir-installation-mobile" ], "related": [ "emitters:macro-cell-tower", "questions:how-far-should-i-live-from-a-cell-tower" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-asr", "title": "Antenna Structure Registration (ASR) public access database downloads", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/data/public-access-files-database-downloads", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols/tower-lookup", "html": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/tower-lookup", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/protocols/tower-lookup.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/protocols" } } ] }, "glossary": { "collection": "glossary", "name": "Glossary", "description": "Definitions of the physics, regulatory, measurement and health terms used throughout the dataset.", "count": 27, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "glossary:elf", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "elf", "name": "ELF (extremely low frequency)", "summary": "Fields below about 300 Hz, dominated by the 50 or 60 Hz power supply and its harmonics.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Extremely low frequency covers roughly 3–300 Hz and in practice means power-frequency fields from wiring, appliances, transformers and transmission lines. ELF electric and magnetic fields are treated as separate quantities because they are not coupled at these frequencies, and the biological concern addressed by exposure limits is induced current in tissue, not heating.", "category": "physics", "seeAlso": [ "glossary:rf", "quantities:magnetic-flux-density" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2010", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/lf-guidelines-2010.html", "year": 2010, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/elf", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/elf", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/elf.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:rf", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "rf", "name": "RF (radiofrequency)", "summary": "Fields from about 100 kHz to 300 GHz, the range used by all wireless communication.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Radiofrequency spans roughly 100 kHz to 300 GHz and includes broadcast, cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and radar. Above about 100 kHz the electric and magnetic components are linked, so exposure can be expressed interchangeably as electric field strength or power density, and the effect addressed by exposure limits is energy absorption and consequent heating.", "category": "physics", "seeAlso": [ "glossary:elf", "quantities:power-density" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/rf", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/rf", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/rf.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:non-ionizing", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "non-ionizing-radiation", "name": "Non-ionizing radiation", "summary": "Electromagnetic radiation whose photons lack the energy to remove electrons from atoms — everything below ultraviolet, including all EMF discussed on this site.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Non-ionizing radiation covers all electromagnetic radiation below the ionization threshold, meaning it cannot break chemical bonds directly the way X-rays and gamma rays do. This is a statement about mechanism, not a statement that no effect is possible: established non-ionizing effects include tissue heating at RF and nerve stimulation at ELF, both of which exposure limits are built around.", "category": "physics", "seeAlso": [ "glossary:rf", "glossary:thermal-effect" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-emf-rf", "title": "Radiation: Electromagnetic fields (questions and answers)", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-electromagnetic-fields", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/non-ionizing-radiation", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/non-ionizing-radiation", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/non-ionizing-radiation.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:thermal-effect", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "thermal-effect", "name": "Thermal effect", "summary": "Tissue heating from absorbed RF energy — the established mechanism that RF exposure limits are set to prevent, with a safety margin.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Absorbed RF energy raises tissue temperature. ICNIRP and FCC limits are derived from the exposure that produces a defined temperature rise, then reduced by a safety factor — typically 50 for the general public relative to the threshold for established effects. Claims of 'non-thermal' effects concern mechanisms below this threshold and are the substance of the scientific dispute in this field.", "category": "health", "seeAlso": [ "glossary:non-thermal-effect", "quantities:specific-absorption-rate" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/thermal-effect", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/thermal-effect", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/thermal-effect.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:non-thermal-effect", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "non-thermal-effect", "name": "Non-thermal effect", "summary": "A proposed biological effect at exposure levels too low to cause measurable heating; the central claim of precautionary guidelines and the central objection of regulators.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Non-thermal effects are biological responses proposed to occur below the heating threshold, for example via oxidative stress or voltage-gated calcium channels. ICNIRP's position is that no such effect has been established with sufficient consistency to base limits on. Precautionary frameworks such as BioInitiative and EUROPAEM assume they exist and propose targets orders of magnitude lower. This site records both positions and labels which is which.", "category": "health", "seeAlso": [ "glossary:thermal-effect", "standards:bioinitiative-2012" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bioinitiative-2012", "title": "BioInitiative Report 2012 (updated) — conclusions and recommended precautionary levels", "publisher": "BioInitiative Working Group", "url": "https://bioinitiative.org/conclusions/", "year": 2012, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "europaem-2016", "title": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems", "publisher": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/library/blog-en/97-europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "year": 2016, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/non-thermal-effect", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/non-thermal-effect", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/non-thermal-effect.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:sar", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "sar", "name": "SAR (specific absorption rate)", "summary": "Watts absorbed per kilogram of tissue, the dosimetric basis of phone compliance testing — 1.6 W/kg over 1 g in the U.S., 2 W/kg over 10 g under ICNIRP.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "SAR quantifies RF power deposition in tissue. It is measured in a liquid-filled phantom with the device transmitting at maximum power in its worst-case configuration, which is why a device's SAR is a compliance figure rather than a description of everyday exposure. Because the U.S. averages over 1 gram and ICNIRP over 10 grams, published SAR values for the same phone differ between regions and must not be compared directly.", "category": "measurement", "seeAlso": [ "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-2-1093", "title": "47 CFR § 2.1093 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable devices", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-2.1093", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/sar", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/sar", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/sar.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:mpe", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "mpe", "name": "MPE (maximum permissible exposure)", "summary": "The FCC's term for the enforceable exposure limit expressed as field strength or power density.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Maximum permissible exposure is the FCC's limit on external field quantities — electric field strength, magnetic field strength or power density — that a person may be exposed to, averaged over 30 minutes for the general public and 6 minutes for occupational exposure. MPE values are frequency dependent and are derived from the underlying SAR-based restrictions.", "category": "regulation", "seeAlso": [ "limits:fcc-mpe-public-1500-100000", "glossary:reference-level" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/mpe", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/mpe", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/mpe.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:reference-level", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "reference-level", "name": "Reference level vs basic restriction", "summary": "ICNIRP's two-tier structure: basic restrictions are the dosimetric limits that matter biologically; reference levels are the externally measurable proxies derived from them.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "A basic restriction limits an internal quantity such as SAR or induced electric field, which cannot be measured in a living person. A reference level limits an external quantity such as power density or magnetic flux density, and is derived conservatively so that compliance with it guarantees compliance with the basic restriction. Exceeding a reference level is therefore not automatically a breach of the basic restriction — it triggers a more detailed assessment.", "category": "regulation", "seeAlso": [ "standards:icnirp-2020", "glossary:mpe" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/reference-level", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/reference-level", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/reference-level.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:installation-limit-value", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "installation-limit-value", "name": "Installation limit value", "summary": "A precautionary legal limit applied to a single installation at sensitive locations, used in Switzerland and set far below the general exposure limit.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Switzerland's ONIR/NISV distinguishes an immission limit value, which protects against established effects and follows ICNIRP, from an installation limit value, which applies to the contribution of one installation at places of sensitive use such as homes and schools and is roughly a tenth of the ICNIRP reference level in field-strength terms. It is precautionary by design and legally binding, which makes Switzerland the standard counterexample to the claim that precautionary limits are unenforceable.", "category": "regulation", "seeAlso": [ "standards:ch-onir", "limits:ch-onir-installation-mobile" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ch-onir", "title": "Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (ONIR / NISV, SR 814.710)", "publisher": "Swiss Confederation", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/38/en", "year": 2000, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/installation-limit-value", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/installation-limit-value", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/installation-limit-value.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:dirty-electricity", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "dirty-electricity", "name": "Dirty electricity", "summary": "High-frequency harmonics and transients riding on mains wiring, typically from dimmers, switch-mode supplies and inverters. Not a term used in any exposure standard.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Dirty electricity describes conducted voltage distortion above the power frequency, roughly 2 kHz to 1 MHz. It is measurable as harmonic content at a socket, and building-biology practice grades it more severely than the fundamental. No regulator defines an exposure limit for it, and the widely used proprietary meter index is not an exposure unit, so claims quantified only in those units cannot be compared against any standard.", "category": "measurement", "seeAlso": [ "emitters:dimmer-switch", "meters:dirty-electricity-meter" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/dirty-electricity", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/dirty-electricity", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/dirty-electricity.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:duty-cycle", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "duty-cycle", "name": "Duty cycle", "summary": "The fraction of time a transmitter is actually radiating — the reason a peak reading and a time-averaged exposure can differ by a factor of a hundred or more.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Most digital transmitters send bursts rather than a continuous carrier. A smart meter may transmit for well under one percent of the time, so its peak burst amplitude says little about exposure as regulatory limits define it, which is averaged over 6 or 30 minutes. Any comparison of a measurement to a limit is invalid unless both refer to the same averaging.", "category": "measurement", "seeAlso": [ "emitters:smart-meter", "protocols:rf-room-survey" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/duty-cycle", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/duty-cycle", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/duty-cycle.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:far-field", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "far-field", "name": "Far field and near field", "summary": "Beyond roughly a wavelength from an antenna the field behaves as a propagating wave and inverse-square estimates apply; closer than that they do not.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "In the far field, electric and magnetic components are in a fixed ratio, power density falls with the square of distance, and one measured quantity determines the others. In the near field — within roughly a wavelength, or 12.5 cm at 2.4 GHz — the components vary independently, inverse-square estimation is invalid, and exposure is assessed dosimetrically as SAR. This is why phone exposure is expressed as SAR and tower exposure as power density.", "category": "physics", "seeAlso": [ "quantities:power-density", "glossary:sar" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/far-field", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/far-field", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/far-field.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:eirp", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "eirp", "name": "EIRP / ERP", "summary": "Transmitter power multiplied by antenna gain: the figure that, with distance, determines free-space power density.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Equivalent isotropically radiated power is the power an isotropic radiator would need to produce the same field on the antenna's main beam. ERP is the same idea referenced to a half-wave dipole (ERP × 1.64 = EIRP). Both describe the main beam only, so using EIRP with an inverse-square formula gives a boresight upper bound and overstates exposure everywhere off-axis — which is why levels at the base of a tower are far below the value the formula suggests.", "category": "technology", "seeAlso": [ "emitters:macro-cell-tower", "quantities:power-density" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/eirp", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/eirp", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/eirp.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:beamforming", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "beamforming", "name": "Beamforming", "summary": "5G massive-MIMO antennas steer energy toward active users rather than radiating uniformly, so exposure is intermittent and direction-dependent.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Beamforming uses an antenna array to concentrate transmission toward a specific receiver. The consequence for exposure assessment is that the maximum EIRP occurs only in a narrow beam pointed at an active device, so a fixed-point measurement varies with network activity, and time-averaged assessment methods specific to massive MIMO are required rather than static worst-case arithmetic.", "category": "technology", "seeAlso": [ "emitters:5g-small-cell", "emitters:macro-cell-tower" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "arpansa-base-stations", "title": "Mobile phone base stations and health", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/more-radiation-sources/mobile-phone-base-stations", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/beamforming", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/beamforming", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/beamforming.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:net-current", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "net-current", "name": "Net current (wiring error)", "summary": "When the current flowing out on a circuit does not return on the same cable, the imbalance radiates a magnetic field across the whole building.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "In correctly wired circuits, line and neutral currents are equal and opposite within centimetres of each other, so their external magnetic fields cancel almost completely. Shared neutrals, crossed neutrals between circuits, and current returning through plumbing break that cancellation, producing elevated magnetic fields throughout a structure that do not fall off with distance from any identifiable appliance. It is an electrical fault, not an EMF problem, and it is corrected by an electrician.", "category": "measurement", "seeAlso": [ "protocols:elf-magnetic-survey", "emitters:electrical-service-panel" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/net-current", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/net-current", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/net-current.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:milligauss", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "milligauss", "name": "Milligauss (mG) and microtesla (µT)", "summary": "The two units for power-frequency magnetic fields: 1 µT = 10 mG, so 0.4 µT = 4 mG.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Milligauss belongs to the CGS system and is standard in North American consumer practice; microtesla is the SI unit and is used in European guidelines and scientific literature. The conversion is exact: 1 µT equals 10 mG. Most confusion in ELF discussion is a factor-of-ten unit error, including the frequently misquoted 0.3–0.4 µT epidemiological threshold, which is 3–4 mG.", "category": "measurement", "seeAlso": [ "quantities:magnetic-flux-density", "limits:who-elf-leukaemia-association" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nist-si", "title": "The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/milligauss", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/milligauss", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/milligauss.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:power-density-units", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "power-density-units", "name": "µW/m², mW/m² and mW/cm²", "summary": "Three units for the same RF quantity, spanning ten orders of magnitude: 1 mW/cm² = 10 W/m² = 10,000 mW/m² = 10,000,000 µW/m².", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Consumer RF meters report µW/m² or mW/m², ICNIRP uses W/m², and FCC rules use mW/cm². A reading of 10,000 µW/m² is 0.01 W/m², which is 0.001 mW/cm² — one ten-thousandth of the FCC's 10 mW/cm² public limit above 1.5 GHz. Failing to convert is the single most common error in EMF discussion in both directions.", "category": "measurement", "seeAlso": [ "quantities:power-density", "limits:fcc-mpe-public-1500-100000" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nist-si", "title": "The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/power-density-units", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/power-density-units", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/power-density-units.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:ehs", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "ehs", "name": "EHS (electromagnetic hypersensitivity)", "summary": "Symptoms attributed by the affected person to EMF exposure; recognised as real symptoms by WHO, without a demonstrated causal link to field exposure in blinded studies.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Electromagnetic hypersensitivity, referred to by WHO as idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields, describes a symptom complex including headache, fatigue, sleep disturbance and skin sensations. WHO's position is that the symptoms are genuine and can be disabling, while blinded provocation studies have not shown that affected individuals can detect field presence or that symptoms track actual exposure. This site records the position and the primary literature; it does not offer medical advice.", "category": "health", "seeAlso": [ "studies:who-ehs-2005", "standards:europaem-2016" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "who-ehs", "title": "Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (WHO backgrounder, December 2005; formerly Fact sheet 296)", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/hypersensitivity", "year": 2005, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "europaem-2016", "title": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems", "publisher": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/library/blog-en/97-europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "year": 2016, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/ehs", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/ehs", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/ehs.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:group-2b", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "group-2b", "name": "IARC Group 2B", "summary": "'Possibly carcinogenic to humans' — a statement about how strong the evidence is, not about how large any risk is.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "IARC hazard categories describe the strength of evidence that an agent can cause cancer, not the potency or the magnitude of exposure-related risk. Group 2B means limited evidence in humans and less than sufficient evidence in animals. Both RF fields (2011) and ELF magnetic fields (2002) are in Group 2B. Citing the classification as evidence of a quantified risk misstates what IARC published.", "category": "health", "seeAlso": [ "studies:iarc-2b-rf-2011", "studies:iarc-elf-2b-2002" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iarc-2b-rf", "title": "IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), Press Release N° 208", "publisher": "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "url": "https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr208_E.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "iarc-monograph-80", "title": "IARC Monographs Volume 80: Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "url": "https://publications.iarc.who.int/98", "year": 2002, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/group-2b", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/group-2b", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/group-2b.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:precautionary-principle", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "precautionary-principle", "name": "Precautionary principle (as applied to EMF)", "summary": "The basis for values set below the level justified by established effects, such as the Swiss installation limits and building-biology bands.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Applied to EMF, the precautionary principle supports reducing exposure where it can be done at reasonable cost, even without established harm at the levels concerned. It explains why Switzerland's legally binding installation values, Building Biology's evaluation bands and EUROPAEM's targets sit far below ICNIRP reference levels. Precautionary values are policy or professional judgements, not findings of harm, and this site labels them as such throughout.", "category": "regulation", "seeAlso": [ "standards:ch-onir", "standards:sbm-2024" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ch-onir", "title": "Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (ONIR / NISV, SR 814.710)", "publisher": "Swiss Confederation", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/38/en", "year": 2000, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "europaem-2016", "title": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems", "publisher": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/library/blog-en/97-europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "year": 2016, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/precautionary-principle", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/precautionary-principle", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/precautionary-principle.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:shielding-effectiveness", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "shielding-effectiveness", "name": "Shielding effectiveness (dB)", "summary": "Attenuation expressed logarithmically: 10 dB removes 90% of power density, 20 dB removes 99%, 30 dB removes 99.9%.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Shielding effectiveness is the ratio of incident to transmitted field, in decibels, at a stated frequency. Datasheet figures are measured on flat samples in a test fixture; installed performance is governed by seams, edges and penetrations and is routinely 10–20 dB worse. Because the scale is logarithmic, a small dB shortfall is a large change in transmitted power.", "category": "measurement", "seeAlso": [ "quantities:shielding-attenuation", "protocols:shielding-verification" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/shielding-effectiveness", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/shielding-effectiveness", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/shielding-effectiveness.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:faraday-cage", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "faraday-cage", "name": "Faraday cage", "summary": "A continuous grounded conductive enclosure. Effective in principle, and in practice limited entirely by its apertures.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "A Faraday cage excludes external electric fields and, if the conductor is continuous relative to the wavelength, radiofrequency fields. It does not exclude low-frequency magnetic fields, which pass through ordinary conductors essentially unattenuated. Any aperture larger than a small fraction of the wavelength behaves as a slot antenna, so seams and openings determine real performance — and a transmitter left inside a partial enclosure raises levels within it by reflection.", "category": "physics", "seeAlso": [ "shielding:foil", "shielding:mesh" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/faraday-cage", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/faraday-cage", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/faraday-cage.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:averaging-time", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "averaging-time", "name": "Averaging time", "summary": "Regulatory limits apply to an average: 30 minutes for the general public under FCC and ICNIRP rules, 6 minutes for occupational exposure.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Exposure limits above 100 kHz are time-averaged because the effect they prevent is thermal and depends on accumulated energy. A brief peak far above the limit can be fully compliant if the 30-minute average is below it. Comparing a peak-hold consumer meter reading to a time-averaged limit is therefore not a valid compliance assessment, in either direction.", "category": "regulation", "seeAlso": [ "glossary:duty-cycle", "limits:fcc-mpe-public-1500-100000" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/averaging-time", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/averaging-time", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/averaging-time.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:building-biology", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "building-biology", "name": "Building biology (Baubiologie) and SBM", "summary": "A German-origin discipline whose SBM testing methodology grades sleeping areas into precautionary bands far below regulatory limits.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Building biology assesses the built environment for occupant health, and its Standard of Building Biology Testing Methods (SBM) defines evaluation bands — no anomaly, slight, strong, extreme — for RF power density, AC magnetic and electric fields, and body voltage in sleeping areas. The bands are precautionary professional guidance, deliberately set well below regulatory limits, and are not law anywhere. Most consumer EMF advice online derives from them, usually without saying so.", "category": "measurement", "seeAlso": [ "standards:sbm-2024", "organizations:ibn" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ibe-building-biology", "title": "Institute of Building Biology + Sustainability IBN — building biology testing and training", "publisher": "IBN / buildingbiology.com", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/", "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/building-biology", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/building-biology", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/building-biology.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:inverse-square-law", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "inverse-square-law", "name": "Inverse-square law", "summary": "In the far field, doubling the distance quarters the power density: the cheapest and most reliable mitigation available.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Power density from a point source falls as 1/d². Three times the distance is nine times less; ten times the distance is a hundred times less. This is why moving a router across a room outperforms most shielding purchases. Two caveats: it does not apply in the near field, and it does not apply to fields from extended sources such as a long transmission line, where fall-off is closer to 1/d.", "category": "physics", "seeAlso": [ "quantities:power-density", "emitters:wifi-router" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/inverse-square-law", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/inverse-square-law", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/inverse-square-law.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:attention-value", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "attention-value", "name": "Attention value and quality objective", "summary": "Italy's two precautionary legal tiers below the exposure limit: the attention value applies where people spend four or more hours a day, the quality objective applies outdoors in busy areas.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "Under DPCM 8 July 2003 the exposure limit protects against established short-term effects, while the attention value (valore di attenzione) and quality objective (obiettivo di qualità) are precautionary tiers set far lower and applied where exposure is prolonged — inside buildings occupied four hours a day or more and their balconies and courtyards, and outdoors in intensively frequented areas. Both were 6 V/m from 2003 until 30 April 2024, when Law 214/2023 raised them to 15 V/m. They are precautionary in intent but legally binding, like the Swiss installation limit value.", "category": "regulation", "seeAlso": [ "standards:italy-dpcm-2003", "limits:italy-attention-value-15vm", "glossary:installation-limit-value" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "italy-dpcm-2003", "title": "DPCM 8 luglio 2003 — limiti di esposizione, valori di attenzione e obiettivi di qualità, 100 kHz–300 GHz", "publisher": "Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 199/2003)", "url": "https://corecom.consrc.it/hp2/doc/D.P.C.M.8_luglio2003.pdf", "year": 2003, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "italy-mimit-15vm", "title": "Adeguamento dei limiti dei campi elettromagnetici (15 V/m)", "publisher": "Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy", "url": "https://www.mimit.gov.it/it/notizie-stampa/adeguamento-dei-limiti-dei-campi-elettromagnetici", "year": 2024, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/attention-value", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/attention-value", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/attention-value.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } }, { "id": "glossary:uncontrolled-environment", "collection": "glossary", "slug": "uncontrolled-environment", "name": "Uncontrolled vs controlled environment", "summary": "The North American equivalent of the general-public and occupational tiers: 'uncontrolled' means people who are not aware of their exposure and cannot act on it.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "definition": "FCC and Health Canada tables are split into uncontrolled/general-population and controlled/occupational columns. Uncontrolled applies to people who have no knowledge of their exposure and no ability to limit it — residents, passers-by, anyone in a public area. Controlled applies to trained workers who are aware of the exposure and can control their time in the field, and is typically five times higher in power density and shorter in averaging time. Quoting an occupational figure as though it applied to a home is one of the commonest errors in EMF discussion.", "category": "regulation", "seeAlso": [ "limits:sc6-public-300-6000", "limits:fcc-mpe-occupational-1500-100000", "glossary:mpe" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "hc-safety-code-6", "title": "Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Energy in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz (Safety Code 6)", "publisher": "Health Canada", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-risks-safety/limits-human-exposure-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-energy-range-3-300.html", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary/uncontrolled-environment", "html": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/uncontrolled-environment", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/glossary/uncontrolled-environment.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/glossary" } } ] }, "devices": { "collection": "devices", "name": "Device SAR", "description": "Declared maximum SAR per phone model, at the ear and worn on the body, as published by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. These are the manufacturers' own compliance declarations averaged over 10 g of tissue, not independent measurements.", "count": 56, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-17", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-17", "name": "Apple iPhone 17", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.49 W/kg at the ear and 1.49 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 74% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 17 SAR", "Apple iPhone 17", "iPhone 17" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 17", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.49, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.49, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-17", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-17", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-17.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-17-pro", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-17-pro", "name": "Apple iPhone 17 Pro", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.49 W/kg at the ear and 1.49 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 74% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 17 Pro SAR", "Apple iPhone 17 Pro", "iPhone 17 Pro" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 17 Pro", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.49, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.49, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-17-pro", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-17-pro", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-17-pro.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-17-pro-max", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-17-pro-max", "name": "Apple iPhone 17 Pro Max", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.49 W/kg at the ear and 1.49 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 74% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 17 Pro Max SAR", "Apple iPhone 17 Pro Max", "iPhone 17 Pro Max" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 17 Pro Max", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.49, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.49, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-17-pro-max", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-17-pro-max", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-17-pro-max.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-air", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-air", "name": "Apple iPhone Air", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.49 W/kg at the ear and 1.49 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 74% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone Air SAR", "Apple iPhone Air", "iPhone Air" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone Air", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.49, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.49, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-air", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-air", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-air.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-16", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-16", "name": "Apple iPhone 16", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.24 W/kg at the ear and 1.41 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 62% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 16 SAR", "Apple iPhone 16", "iPhone 16" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 16", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.24, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.41, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-16", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-16", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-16.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-16-plus", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-16-plus", "name": "Apple iPhone 16 Plus", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.24 W/kg at the ear and 1.33 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 62% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 16 Plus SAR", "Apple iPhone 16 Plus", "iPhone 16 Plus" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 16 Plus", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.24, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.33, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-16-plus", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-16-plus", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-16-plus.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-16-pro", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-16-pro", "name": "Apple iPhone 16 Pro", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.24 W/kg at the ear and 1.48 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 62% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 16 Pro SAR", "Apple iPhone 16 Pro", "iPhone 16 Pro" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 16 Pro", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.24, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.48, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-16-pro", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-16-pro", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-16-pro.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-16-pro-max", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-16-pro-max", "name": "Apple iPhone 16 Pro Max", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.22 W/kg at the ear and 1.45 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 61% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 16 Pro Max SAR", "Apple iPhone 16 Pro Max", "iPhone 16 Pro Max" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 16 Pro Max", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.22, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.45, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-16-pro-max", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-16-pro-max", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-16-pro-max.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-16e", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-16e", "name": "Apple iPhone 16e", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.48 W/kg at the ear and 1.49 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 74% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 16e SAR", "Apple iPhone 16e", "iPhone 16e" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 16e", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.48, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.49, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-16e", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-16e", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-16e.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-15", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-15", "name": "Apple iPhone 15", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.98 W/kg at the ear and 0.98 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 49% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 15 SAR", "Apple iPhone 15", "iPhone 15" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 15", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-15", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-15", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-15.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-15-plus", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-15-plus", "name": "Apple iPhone 15 Plus", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.98 W/kg at the ear and 0.98 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 49% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 15 Plus SAR", "Apple iPhone 15 Plus", "iPhone 15 Plus" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 15 Plus", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-15-plus", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-15-plus", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-15-plus.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-15-pro", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-15-pro", "name": "Apple iPhone 15 Pro", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.98 W/kg at the ear and 0.98 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 49% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 15 Pro SAR", "Apple iPhone 15 Pro", "iPhone 15 Pro", "A3101", "A3102", "A3104" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 15 Pro (A3101, A3102, A3104)", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-15-pro", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-15-pro", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-15-pro.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-15-pro-max", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-15-pro-max", "name": "Apple iPhone 15 Pro Max", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.98 W/kg at the ear and 0.98 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 49% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 15 Pro Max SAR", "Apple iPhone 15 Pro Max", "iPhone 15 Pro Max", "A3105", "A3106", "A3108" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 15 Pro Max (A3105, A3106, A3108)", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-15-pro-max", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-15-pro-max", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-15-pro-max.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-14", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-14", "name": "Apple iPhone 14", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.98 W/kg at the ear and 0.99 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 49% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 14 SAR", "Apple iPhone 14", "iPhone 14" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 14", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-14", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-14", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-14.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-14-pro", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-14-pro", "name": "Apple iPhone 14 Pro", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.98 W/kg at the ear and 0.98 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 49% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 14 Pro SAR", "Apple iPhone 14 Pro", "iPhone 14 Pro" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 14 Pro", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-14-pro", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-14-pro", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-14-pro.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-13", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-13", "name": "Apple iPhone 13", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.98 W/kg at the ear and 0.99 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 49% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone 13 SAR", "Apple iPhone 13", "iPhone 13" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone 13", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-13", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-13", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-13.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:apple-iphone-se-2022", "collection": "devices", "slug": "apple-iphone-se-2022", "name": "Apple iPhone SE 2022", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.98 W/kg at the ear and 0.99 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 49% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "iPhone SE 2022 SAR", "Apple iPhone SE 2022", "iPhone SE 2022" ], "manufacturer": "Apple", "model": "iPhone SE 2022", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/apple-iphone-se-2022", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-se-2022", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/apple-iphone-se-2022.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-s25", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-s25", "name": "Samsung Galaxy S25", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.29 W/kg at the ear and 1.36 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 64% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy S25 SAR", "Samsung Galaxy S25", "Galaxy S25" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy S25", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.29, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.36, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-s25-plus", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-s25-plus", "name": "Samsung Galaxy S25 Plus", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.26 W/kg at the ear and 1.26 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 63% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy S25 Plus SAR", "Samsung Galaxy S25 Plus", "Galaxy S25 Plus" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy S25 Plus", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.26, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.26, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-plus", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-plus", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-plus.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-s25-ultra", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-s25-ultra", "name": "Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.25 W/kg at the ear and 1.42 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 62% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy S25 Ultra SAR", "Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra", "Galaxy S25 Ultra" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy S25 Ultra", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.25, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.42, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-ultra", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-ultra", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-ultra.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-s25-edge", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-s25-edge", "name": "Samsung Galaxy S25 Edge", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.24 W/kg at the ear and 1.25 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 62% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy S25 Edge SAR", "Samsung Galaxy S25 Edge", "Galaxy S25 Edge" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy S25 Edge", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.24, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.25, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-edge", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-edge", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-edge.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-s25-fe", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-s25-fe", "name": "Samsung Galaxy S25 FE", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.54 W/kg at the ear and 1.58 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 27% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy S25 FE SAR", "Samsung Galaxy S25 FE", "Galaxy S25 FE" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy S25 FE", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.54, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.58, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-fe", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-fe", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s25-fe.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-z-fold7", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-z-fold7", "name": "Samsung Galaxy Z Fold7", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.4 W/kg at the ear and 1.24 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 70% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy Z Fold7 SAR", "Samsung Galaxy Z Fold7", "Galaxy Z Fold7" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy Z Fold7", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.4, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.24, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-z-fold7", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-z-fold7", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-z-fold7.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-z-flip7", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-z-flip7", "name": "Samsung Galaxy Z Flip7", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.69 W/kg at the ear and 1.21 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 34% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy Z Flip7 SAR", "Samsung Galaxy Z Flip7", "Galaxy Z Flip7" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy Z Flip7", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.69, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.21, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-z-flip7", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-z-flip7", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-z-flip7.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-a56-5g", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-a56-5g", "name": "Samsung Galaxy A56 5G", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.61 W/kg at the ear and 1.05 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 30% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy A56 5G SAR", "Samsung Galaxy A56 5G", "Galaxy A56 5G" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy A56 5G", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.61, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.05, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-a56-5g", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-a56-5g", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-a56-5g.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-a36-5g", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-a36-5g", "name": "Samsung Galaxy A36 5G", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.53 W/kg at the ear and 1.29 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 26% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy A36 5G SAR", "Samsung Galaxy A36 5G", "Galaxy A36 5G" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy A36 5G", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.53, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.29, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-a36-5g", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-a36-5g", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-a36-5g.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-a16-5g", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-a16-5g", "name": "Samsung Galaxy A16 5G", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.38 W/kg at the ear and 0.94 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 19% of the limit at the ear. Below the Blue Angel eco-label's 0.5 W/kg ear criterion, though BfS records that the label's remaining radiation requirements are not met.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy A16 5G SAR", "Samsung Galaxy A16 5G", "Galaxy A16 5G" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy A16 5G", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.38, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.94, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-a16-5g", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-a16-5g", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-a16-5g.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-s24", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-s24", "name": "Samsung Galaxy S24", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.87 W/kg at the ear and 1.35 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 44% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy S24 SAR", "Samsung Galaxy S24", "Galaxy S24" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy S24", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.87, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.35, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-s24", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s24", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s24.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-s24-ultra", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-s24-ultra", "name": "Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.06 W/kg at the ear and 1.3 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 53% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy S24 Ultra SAR", "Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra", "Galaxy S24 Ultra" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy S24 Ultra", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.06, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.3, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-s24-ultra", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s24-ultra", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s24-ultra.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-s23", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-s23", "name": "Samsung Galaxy S23", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.96 W/kg at the ear and 1.3 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 48% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy S23 SAR", "Samsung Galaxy S23", "Galaxy S23" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy S23", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.96, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.3, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-s23", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s23", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s23.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:samsung-galaxy-s23-ultra", "collection": "devices", "slug": "samsung-galaxy-s23-ultra", "name": "Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.96 W/kg at the ear and 1.4 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 48% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Galaxy S23 Ultra SAR", "Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra", "Galaxy S23 Ultra" ], "manufacturer": "Samsung", "model": "Galaxy S23 Ultra", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.96, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.4, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/samsung-galaxy-s23-ultra", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s23-ultra", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/samsung-galaxy-s23-ultra.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:google-pixel-10", "collection": "devices", "slug": "google-pixel-10", "name": "Google Pixel 10", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1.39 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Pixel 10 SAR", "Google Pixel 10", "Pixel 10" ], "manufacturer": "Google", "model": "Pixel 10", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.39, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/google-pixel-10", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-10", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-10.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:google-pixel-10-pro", "collection": "devices", "slug": "google-pixel-10-pro", "name": "Google Pixel 10 Pro", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1.39 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Pixel 10 Pro SAR", "Google Pixel 10 Pro", "Pixel 10 Pro" ], "manufacturer": "Google", "model": "Pixel 10 Pro", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.39, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/google-pixel-10-pro", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-10-pro", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-10-pro.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:google-pixel-10-pro-xl", "collection": "devices", "slug": "google-pixel-10-pro-xl", "name": "Google Pixel 10 Pro XL", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1.39 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Pixel 10 Pro XL SAR", "Google Pixel 10 Pro XL", "Pixel 10 Pro XL" ], "manufacturer": "Google", "model": "Pixel 10 Pro XL", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.39, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/google-pixel-10-pro-xl", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-10-pro-xl", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-10-pro-xl.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:google-pixel-10-pro-fold", "collection": "devices", "slug": "google-pixel-10-pro-fold", "name": "Google Pixel 10 Pro Fold", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1.39 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Pixel 10 Pro Fold SAR", "Google Pixel 10 Pro Fold", "Pixel 10 Pro Fold" ], "manufacturer": "Google", "model": "Pixel 10 Pro Fold", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.39, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/google-pixel-10-pro-fold", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-10-pro-fold", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-10-pro-fold.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:google-pixel-9", "collection": "devices", "slug": "google-pixel-9", "name": "Google Pixel 9", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1.4 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Pixel 9 SAR", "Google Pixel 9", "Pixel 9" ], "manufacturer": "Google", "model": "Pixel 9", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.4, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/google-pixel-9", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-9", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-9.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:google-pixel-9-pro", "collection": "devices", "slug": "google-pixel-9-pro", "name": "Google Pixel 9 Pro", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1.37 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Pixel 9 Pro SAR", "Google Pixel 9 Pro", "Pixel 9 Pro" ], "manufacturer": "Google", "model": "Pixel 9 Pro", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.37, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/google-pixel-9-pro", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-9-pro", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-9-pro.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:google-pixel-9-pro-xl", "collection": "devices", "slug": "google-pixel-9-pro-xl", "name": "Google Pixel 9 Pro XL", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1.4 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Pixel 9 Pro XL SAR", "Google Pixel 9 Pro XL", "Pixel 9 Pro XL" ], "manufacturer": "Google", "model": "Pixel 9 Pro XL", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.4, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/google-pixel-9-pro-xl", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-9-pro-xl", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-9-pro-xl.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:google-pixel-9a", "collection": "devices", "slug": "google-pixel-9a", "name": "Google Pixel 9a", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1.39 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Pixel 9a SAR", "Google Pixel 9a", "Pixel 9a" ], "manufacturer": "Google", "model": "Pixel 9a", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.39, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/google-pixel-9a", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-9a", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-9a.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:google-pixel-8", "collection": "devices", "slug": "google-pixel-8", "name": "Google Pixel 8", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.98 W/kg at the ear and 1.2 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 49% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Pixel 8 SAR", "Google Pixel 8", "Pixel 8" ], "manufacturer": "Google", "model": "Pixel 8", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.2, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/google-pixel-8", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-8", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-8.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:google-pixel-8-pro", "collection": "devices", "slug": "google-pixel-8-pro", "name": "Google Pixel 8 Pro", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.84 W/kg at the ear and 1.2 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 42% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Pixel 8 Pro SAR", "Google Pixel 8 Pro", "Pixel 8 Pro" ], "manufacturer": "Google", "model": "Pixel 8 Pro", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.84, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.2, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/google-pixel-8-pro", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-8-pro", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/google-pixel-8-pro.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:xiaomi-15", "collection": "devices", "slug": "xiaomi-15", "name": "Xiaomi 15", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Xiaomi 15 SAR", "Xiaomi 15" ], "manufacturer": "Xiaomi", "model": "Xiaomi 15", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/xiaomi-15", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/xiaomi-15", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/xiaomi-15.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:xiaomi-15-ultra", "collection": "devices", "slug": "xiaomi-15-ultra", "name": "Xiaomi 15 Ultra", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1 W/kg at the ear and 1 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Xiaomi 15 Ultra SAR", "Xiaomi 15 Ultra" ], "manufacturer": "Xiaomi", "model": "Xiaomi 15 Ultra", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/xiaomi-15-ultra", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/xiaomi-15-ultra", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/xiaomi-15-ultra.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:xiaomi-15t-pro", "collection": "devices", "slug": "xiaomi-15t-pro", "name": "Xiaomi 15T Pro", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 0.99 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Xiaomi 15T Pro SAR", "Xiaomi 15T Pro" ], "manufacturer": "Xiaomi", "model": "Xiaomi 15T Pro", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/xiaomi-15t-pro", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/xiaomi-15t-pro", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/xiaomi-15t-pro.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:xiaomi-redmi-note-15", "collection": "devices", "slug": "xiaomi-redmi-note-15", "name": "Xiaomi REDMI Note 15", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 0.96 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "REDMI Note 15 SAR", "Xiaomi REDMI Note 15", "REDMI Note 15" ], "manufacturer": "Xiaomi", "model": "REDMI Note 15", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.96, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/xiaomi-redmi-note-15", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/xiaomi-redmi-note-15", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/xiaomi-redmi-note-15.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:xiaomi-redmi-15", "collection": "devices", "slug": "xiaomi-redmi-15", "name": "Xiaomi Redmi 15", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1 W/kg at the ear and 1 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Redmi 15 SAR", "Xiaomi Redmi 15", "Redmi 15" ], "manufacturer": "Xiaomi", "model": "Redmi 15", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/xiaomi-redmi-15", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/xiaomi-redmi-15", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/xiaomi-redmi-15.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:motorola-edge-50", "collection": "devices", "slug": "motorola-edge-50", "name": "Motorola Edge 50", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.88 W/kg at the ear and 1.33 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 44% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Edge 50 SAR", "Motorola Edge 50", "Edge 50" ], "manufacturer": "Motorola", "model": "Edge 50", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.88, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.33, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/motorola-edge-50", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/motorola-edge-50", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/motorola-edge-50.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:motorola-edge-50-pro", "collection": "devices", "slug": "motorola-edge-50-pro", "name": "Motorola Edge 50 Pro", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.98 W/kg at the ear and 1.34 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 49% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Edge 50 Pro SAR", "Motorola Edge 50 Pro", "Edge 50 Pro" ], "manufacturer": "Motorola", "model": "Edge 50 Pro", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.98, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.34, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/motorola-edge-50-pro", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/motorola-edge-50-pro", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/motorola-edge-50-pro.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:motorola-edge-50-ultra", "collection": "devices", "slug": "motorola-edge-50-ultra", "name": "Motorola Edge 50 Ultra", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 1.33 W/kg at the ear and 1.37 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 66% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Edge 50 Ultra SAR", "Motorola Edge 50 Ultra", "Edge 50 Ultra" ], "manufacturer": "Motorola", "model": "Edge 50 Ultra", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.33, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.37, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/motorola-edge-50-ultra", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/motorola-edge-50-ultra", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/motorola-edge-50-ultra.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:motorola-edge-50-neo", "collection": "devices", "slug": "motorola-edge-50-neo", "name": "Motorola Edge 50 NEO", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.86 W/kg at the ear and 1.31 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 43% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Edge 50 NEO SAR", "Motorola Edge 50 NEO", "Edge 50 NEO" ], "manufacturer": "Motorola", "model": "Edge 50 NEO", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.86, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.31, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/motorola-edge-50-neo", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/motorola-edge-50-neo", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/motorola-edge-50-neo.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:honor-400", "collection": "devices", "slug": "honor-400", "name": "Honor 400", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.77 W/kg at the ear and 1.25 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 38% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Honor 400 SAR", "Honor 400" ], "manufacturer": "Honor", "model": "Honor 400", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.77, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.25, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/honor-400", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/honor-400", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/honor-400.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:honor-400-pro", "collection": "devices", "slug": "honor-400-pro", "name": "Honor 400 Pro", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.85 W/kg at the ear and 1.27 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 42% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Honor 400 Pro SAR", "Honor 400 Pro" ], "manufacturer": "Honor", "model": "Honor 400 Pro", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.85, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.27, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/honor-400-pro", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/honor-400-pro", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/honor-400-pro.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:nothing-phone-2", "collection": "devices", "slug": "nothing-phone-2", "name": "Nothing Phone 2", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1.29 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Nothing Phone 2 SAR", "Nothing Phone 2" ], "manufacturer": "Nothing", "model": "Nothing Phone 2", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.29, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/nothing-phone-2", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/nothing-phone-2", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/nothing-phone-2.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:nothing-phone-2a", "collection": "devices", "slug": "nothing-phone-2a", "name": "Nothing Phone 2a", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.99 W/kg at the ear and 1.29 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 50% of the limit at the ear.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Nothing Phone 2a SAR", "Nothing Phone 2a" ], "manufacturer": "Nothing", "model": "Nothing Phone 2a", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.99, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.29, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/nothing-phone-2a", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/nothing-phone-2a", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/nothing-phone-2a.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:fairphone-gen-6", "collection": "devices", "slug": "fairphone-gen-6", "name": "Fairphone Gen. 6", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.48 W/kg at the ear and 1.39 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 24% of the limit at the ear. Below the Blue Angel eco-label's 0.5 W/kg ear criterion, though BfS records that the label's remaining radiation requirements are not met.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Fairphone Gen. 6 SAR", "Fairphone Gen. 6" ], "manufacturer": "Fairphone", "model": "Fairphone Gen. 6", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "current", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.48, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 1.39, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/fairphone-gen-6", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/fairphone-gen-6", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/fairphone-gen-6.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } }, { "id": "devices:fairphone-5", "collection": "devices", "slug": "fairphone-5", "name": "Fairphone 5", "summary": "Declared maximum SAR of 0.4 W/kg at the ear and 0.85 W/kg worn on the body at 5 mm, against the EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue — 20% of the limit at the ear. Below the Blue Angel eco-label's 0.5 W/kg ear criterion, though BfS records that the label's remaining radiation requirements are not met.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "aliases": [ "Fairphone 5 SAR", "Fairphone 5" ], "manufacturer": "Fairphone", "model": "Fairphone 5", "deviceType": "smartphone", "marketStatus": "discontinued", "headSar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.4, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-1, 10 g averaging, phone held against the ear at maximum transmit power", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum, collected by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection. Not comparable with a U.S. FCC figure, which is averaged over 1 g against a 1.6 W/kg limit.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySar": { "quantity": "specific-absorption-rate", "unit": "W/kg", "value": 0.85, "basis": "manufacturer", "method": "EN 62209-2, 10 g averaging, worn on the body at the separation distance declared by the manufacturer", "note": "Manufacturer-declared maximum for body-worn operation. The separation distance is part of the declaration: a value measured at 5 mm does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "sourceIds": [ "bfs-sar-database", "bfs-sar-mobile" ] }, "bodySeparationMm": 5, "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "emitters:smartphone", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "protocols:sar-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices/fairphone-5", "html": "https://emfbase.com/devices/fairphone-5", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/devices/fairphone-5.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/devices" } } ] }, "questions": { "collection": "questions", "name": "Direct answers", "description": "Frequently asked EMF questions with short, cited, quotable answers linked to the underlying records.", "count": 30, "dataVersion": "2026.08.1", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "records": [ { "id": "questions:what-is-a-safe-milligauss-level", "collection": "questions", "slug": "what-is-a-safe-milligauss-level", "name": "What is a safe milligauss level?", "summary": "ICNIRP's public guideline is 2,000 mG; the epidemiological association starts at 3–4 mG daily average; the building-biology sleeping-area target is under 0.2 mG.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "What is a safe level of magnetic field exposure in milligauss?", "answer": "There is no single 'safe' number, because regulatory limits and precautionary targets answer different questions. The highest published value is ICNIRP's 50/60 Hz public reference level of 2,000 mG (200 µT) — a guideline, enforceable only where a jurisdiction adopts it, and the EU still uses the older 1,000 mG (100 µT) figure — both thousands of times above anything found in a normal home. The figure most people are actually looking for is 3–4 mG (0.3–0.4 µT), the daily-average level above which pooled epidemiology found an association — not a demonstrated cause — with childhood leukaemia, and building-biology practice treats under 0.2 mG in a sleeping area as no anomaly. Typical homes measure well below 4 mG away from panels and appliances.", "cluster": "safe-levels", "aliases": [ "safe mG level", "how many milligauss is safe", "safe microtesla level" ], "related": [ "limits:icnirp-2010-public-magnetic-50-60", "limits:who-elf-leukaemia-association", "limits:sbm-2024-magnetic-bands" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2010", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/lf-guidelines-2010.html", "year": 2010, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ahlbom-2000", "title": "A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia", "publisher": "British Journal of Cancer", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10970686/", "year": 2000, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/what-is-a-safe-milligauss-level", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-a-safe-milligauss-level", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-a-safe-milligauss-level.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:what-is-a-safe-rf-level", "collection": "questions", "slug": "what-is-a-safe-rf-level", "name": "What is a safe RF level in µW/m²?", "summary": "The regulatory public limit is 10,000,000 µW/m² (1 mW/cm², or 10 W/m²); precautionary sleeping-area bands sit below 10 µW/m². Both refer to the same measurement.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "What RF power density is considered safe, in µW/m²?", "answer": "The FCC's enforceable public limit above 1.5 GHz is 1 mW/cm², which equals 10,000,000 µW/m² — the occupational limit is five times higher — and ICNIRP's public reference level above 2 GHz is the same figure expressed as 10 W/m². Precautionary frameworks sit far lower: building-biology practice grades a sleeping area under 0.1 µW/m² as no anomaly and above 1,000 µW/m² as extreme, and EUROPAEM proposes night-time targets in the same low range. A typical home a few metres from its own Wi-Fi router measures roughly 100–10,000 µW/m² — thousands of times under the regulatory limit and well above the precautionary bands, which is why the two camps can quote the same measurement and disagree completely.", "cluster": "safe-levels", "aliases": [ "safe µW/m² level", "safe microwatt per square meter", "what RF level is safe" ], "related": [ "limits:fcc-mpe-public-1500-100000", "limits:icnirp-2020-public-2-300ghz", "limits:sbm-2024-rf-no-anomaly", "glossary:power-density-units" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "europaem-2016", "title": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems", "publisher": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/library/blog-en/97-europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "year": 2016, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/what-is-a-safe-rf-level", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-a-safe-rf-level", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-a-safe-rf-level.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:how-far-from-wifi-router", "collection": "questions", "slug": "how-far-from-wifi-router", "name": "How far should you sit from a Wi-Fi router?", "summary": "About 8,000 µW/m² at 1 m for a 100 mW router, 80 µW/m² at 10 m; 2–3 m of separation captures most of the benefit.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "How far away from a Wi-Fi router should I be?", "answer": "For a typical 100 mW access point, free-space power density is roughly 8,000 µW/m² at 1 m, 880 µW/m² at 3 m and 80 µW/m² at 10 m, so most of the available reduction comes from the first few metres. Keeping the router out of bedrooms and more than 2–3 m from where you sit for hours is the practical answer; scheduling the radio off overnight removes night-time exposure entirely. All of these levels are far below the FCC and ICNIRP public limits, and ARPANSA's measurements of Wi-Fi in schools put typical exposures at a small fraction of those limits.", "cluster": "distances", "aliases": [ "safe distance from router", "wifi router distance bedroom" ], "related": [ "emitters:wifi-router", "glossary:inverse-square-law" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-part15", "title": "47 CFR Part 15 — Radio Frequency Devices (unlicensed transmitter power limits)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-15", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "arpansa-wifi", "title": "Wi-Fi and health", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/more-radiation-sources/wifi", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/how-far-from-wifi-router", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/how-far-from-wifi-router", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/how-far-from-wifi-router.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:how-far-should-i-live-from-a-cell-tower", "collection": "questions", "slug": "how-far-should-i-live-from-a-cell-tower", "name": "How far should you live from a cell tower?", "summary": "No authority defines a setback distance; beam geometry dominates, and measured residential levels are hundreds of times below limits. Look up the structure and measure.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "What is a safe distance from a cell tower or 5G mast?", "answer": "No health authority specifies a safe setback distance, because exposure depends far more on the antenna's height, azimuth and downtilt than on horizontal distance — levels directly beneath a tower are usually lower than a few hundred metres away, where the main beam reaches the ground. Measured residential exposures near base stations are typically hundreds to thousands of times below regulatory limits, according to ARPANSA and comparable regulators. If you want a defensible answer for a specific property, look the structure up in the FCC ASR database, work out the elevation angle to the antenna, and measure with a directional antenna rather than relying on a distance rule of thumb.", "cluster": "distances", "aliases": [ "safe distance from cell tower", "how close is too close to a 5G tower" ], "related": [ "emitters:macro-cell-tower", "protocols:tower-lookup", "glossary:eirp" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "arpansa-base-stations", "title": "Mobile phone base stations and health", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/more-radiation-sources/mobile-phone-base-stations", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-asr", "title": "Antenna Structure Registration (ASR) public access database downloads", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/data/public-access-files-database-downloads", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/how-far-should-i-live-from-a-cell-tower", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/how-far-should-i-live-from-a-cell-tower", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/how-far-should-i-live-from-a-cell-tower.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:how-far-should-i-live-from-a-power-line", "collection": "questions", "slug": "how-far-should-i-live-from-a-power-line", "name": "How far should you live from a power line?", "summary": "Fields usually reach background at 30–60 m; precautionary policy targets are 0.4–1 µT, and a 24-hour log beats any distance rule.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "What is a safe distance from a high-voltage power line?", "answer": "Magnetic fields beneath a loaded transmission line typically fall from tens of milligauss at the conductors to residential background by roughly 30–60 m, depending on current, conductor height and phase arrangement. No jurisdiction sets a health-based setback; the Netherlands uses a 0.4 µT policy target for new lines and Switzerland applies a 1 µT installation value at sensitive locations, both precautionary rather than effect-based. Because line loading changes hourly, a 24-hour log at the property is worth more than any distance rule.", "cluster": "distances", "aliases": [ "safe distance from power lines", "how close to pylon is safe" ], "related": [ "emitters:transmission-line", "limits:ch-onir-power-lines", "protocols:elf-magnetic-survey" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ch-onir", "title": "Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (ONIR / NISV, SR 814.710)", "publisher": "Swiss Confederation", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/38/en", "year": 2000, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-elf", "title": "Electromagnetic fields and public health: exposure to extremely low frequency fields", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure", "year": 2007, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/how-far-should-i-live-from-a-power-line", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/how-far-should-i-live-from-a-power-line", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/how-far-should-i-live-from-a-power-line.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:are-smart-meters-dangerous", "collection": "questions", "slug": "are-smart-meters-dangerous", "name": "Are smart meters dangerous?", "summary": "Peak bursts are high but duty cycle is under 1%, so time-averaged exposure is far below limits. Room layout and the utility's own filings are the practical levers.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Do smart meters emit dangerous levels of radiation?", "answer": "Mesh smart meters transmit short bursts at up to 1 W in the 900 MHz band, so a peak-hold meter held next to one can read high while the time-averaged exposure that limits are written against is low, because the duty cycle is typically well under 1%. Measured and calculated exposures at normal distances are far below FCC limits, and no health authority has found harm at these levels. If it concerns you, the effective steps are practical rather than technical: find out what is on the other side of the meter wall, move sleeping positions away from it, ask the utility for the meter's FCC ID and duty-cycle filing, and check whether an opt-out or wired-read option exists in your jurisdiction.", "cluster": "devices", "aliases": [ "smart meter radiation danger", "smart meter opt out" ], "related": [ "emitters:smart-meter", "glossary:duty-cycle", "glossary:averaging-time" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-part15", "title": "47 CFR Part 15 — Radio Frequency Devices (unlicensed transmitter power limits)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-15", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-eas", "title": "Equipment Authorization Search (FCC ID lookup, includes SAR test reports)", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/are-smart-meters-dangerous", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/are-smart-meters-dangerous", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/are-smart-meters-dangerous.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "collection": "questions", "slug": "what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "name": "Does a low-SAR phone matter?", "summary": "SAR is a worst-case compliance figure; usage habits change real exposure far more than choosing between compliant models. U.S. 1 g and ICNIRP 10 g values are not comparable.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "What is SAR, and should I choose a phone with a lower SAR value?", "answer": "SAR is the RF power absorbed per kilogram of tissue, measured in a phantom with the phone transmitting at maximum power — a worst-case compliance figure, not a description of normal use. Every phone legally sold is already below its limit (1.6 W/kg over 1 g in the U.S., 2 W/kg over 10 g under ICNIRP, and the two numbers are not comparable), so differences between compliant models are small relative to the difference made by how you use the phone. Using speakerphone or wired earphones, and calling where signal is strong, reduces actual absorbed energy far more than picking a model with a lower rated SAR.", "cluster": "devices", "aliases": [ "low SAR phone", "what does SAR mean", "phone SAR safe" ], "related": [ "emitters:smartphone", "protocols:sar-lookup", "glossary:sar" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-2-1093", "title": "47 CFR § 2.1093 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable devices", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-2.1093", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-eas", "title": "Equipment Authorization Search (FCC ID lookup, includes SAR test reports)", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:which-emf-meter-should-i-buy", "collection": "questions", "slug": "which-emf-meter-should-i-buy", "name": "Which EMF meter should I buy?", "summary": "Match the instrument class to the quantity: RF meter, three-axis gaussmeter, E-field/body-voltage kit, or IF meter. Demand stated band, real units, peak-hold and calibration.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "What kind of EMF meter do I actually need?", "answer": "It depends entirely on what you are looking for, because no single instrument covers the range: an RF power-density meter for wireless sources, a three-axis gaussmeter for wiring and power lines, an electric-field meter or body-voltage kit for bedroom wiring, and an intermediate-frequency meter for induction hobs, inverters and EVs. Whatever the class, insist on a stated frequency range, a readout in real units rather than a colour scale, peak-hold as well as average mode for RF, and a calibration statement. A cheap meter used outside its band produces confident readings that are simply wrong — the most common failure mode in consumer EMF measurement.", "cluster": "measurement", "aliases": [ "best EMF meter", "what EMF meter to buy", "EMF meter recommendation" ], "related": [ "meters:broadband-rf-meter", "meters:elf-gaussmeter", "meters:intermediate-frequency-meter" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/which-emf-meter-should-i-buy", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/which-emf-meter-should-i-buy", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/which-emf-meter-should-i-buy.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:why-do-i-get-a-high-reading-with-everything-switched-off", "collection": "questions", "slug": "why-do-i-get-a-high-reading-with-everything-switched-off", "name": "Why is the reading high with everything switched off?", "summary": "Electric fields exist whenever wiring is energised, so unplug at the socket or fit a demand switch. A magnetic field that stays high everywhere indicates a net-current wiring fault.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Why does my meter still read high when everything is switched off?", "answer": "For an electric-field or body-voltage reading, this is expected: the field exists whenever a conductor is energised, regardless of whether current flows, so wiring in the wall behind the bed and a switched-off-but-plugged-in lamp both still produce it. Unplugging at the socket, or fitting a demand switch on the circuit, removes it — switching off at the appliance does not. If it is a magnetic-field reading that stays elevated everywhere and does not fall off with distance, suspect net current from a shared or crossed neutral, which is a wiring fault for an electrician rather than an EMF mitigation problem.", "cluster": "measurement", "aliases": [ "high EMF reading everything off", "body voltage high with power off" ], "related": [ "emitters:bedroom-wiring-electric-field", "glossary:net-current", "shielding:demand-switch" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/why-do-i-get-a-high-reading-with-everything-switched-off", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/why-do-i-get-a-high-reading-with-everything-switched-off", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/why-do-i-get-a-high-reading-with-everything-switched-off.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:does-emf-shielding-paint-work", "collection": "questions", "slug": "does-emf-shielding-paint-work", "name": "Does EMF shielding paint work?", "summary": "Yes for RF, 30–40 dB on datasheets, but windows dominate the real path, grounding is mandatory, and it does nothing for magnetic fields.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Does shielding paint actually reduce EMF?", "answer": "Conductive paint genuinely attenuates radiofrequency fields — datasheets quote 30–40 dB for two coats, which is a 99.9% reduction in power density on a flat sample — but installed results are usually much lower because windows, doors and untreated surfaces bypass the coating, and RF typically enters through glass rather than through the wall. It must also be bonded to a grounded conductive strip: ungrounded conductive paint can raise the room's AC electric field. It does nothing at all for power-frequency magnetic fields. Measure before and after at fixed positions, in dB, or you have no way of knowing what you bought.", "cluster": "shielding", "aliases": [ "shielding paint effective", "EMF paint work", "carbon paint EMF" ], "related": [ "shielding:paint", "shielding:window-film", "protocols:shielding-verification" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/does-emf-shielding-paint-work", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/does-emf-shielding-paint-work", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/does-emf-shielding-paint-work.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:can-you-shield-magnetic-fields", "collection": "questions", "slug": "can-you-shield-magnetic-fields", "name": "Can you shield a magnetic field?", "summary": "Almost no common material blocks ELF magnetic fields; mu-metal gives a factor of 2–5 at high cost. Distance and source correction are the real options.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Can I shield magnetic fields from power lines or wiring?", "answer": "Barely, and rarely economically. Power-frequency magnetic fields pass through nearly all common building materials, including aluminium foil, conductive paint and shielding fabric, so the only materials that help are high-permeability alloys such as mu-metal, which typically deliver a factor of two to five in a real retrofit and lose their properties if bent or drilled. The effective interventions are distance and fixing the source — correcting a net-current wiring fault, relocating a bed away from the service panel, or reducing the current causing the field.", "cluster": "shielding", "aliases": [ "block magnetic field", "mu metal shielding", "shield power line EMF" ], "related": [ "shielding:high-permeability-alloy", "emitters:transmission-line", "glossary:net-current" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "niehs-emf", "title": "Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", "url": "https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/can-you-shield-magnetic-fields", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/can-you-shield-magnetic-fields", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/can-you-shield-magnetic-fields.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:do-emf-protection-devices-work", "collection": "questions", "slug": "do-emf-protection-devices-work", "name": "Do EMF protection stickers, pendants and harmonisers work?", "summary": "No — nothing passive of that kind changes a meter reading, and a phone sticker that did block signal would make the phone transmit harder.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Do EMF harmonisers, stickers, pendants or 'scalar' devices reduce exposure?", "answer": "No. There is no mechanism by which a passive sticker, pendant, crystal or plug-in 'harmoniser' can reduce field strength, and none of them changes a meter reading — which is exactly the test to demand before buying one. Phone stickers claiming to block radiation cannot do so without degrading the antenna, in which case the handset raises transmit power to compensate. Interventions that do change a measurement are distance, turning transmitters off, wired connections, grounded conductive materials for RF and electric fields, and correcting wiring faults.", "cluster": "shielding", "aliases": [ "EMF harmonizer scam", "do EMF stickers work", "EMF protection pendant" ], "related": [ "protocols:shielding-verification", "shielding:wired-conversion" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-rf-safety", "title": "Radio Frequency Safety", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/radio-frequency-safety-0", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/do-emf-protection-devices-work", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/do-emf-protection-devices-work", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/do-emf-protection-devices-work.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:is-emf-sensitivity-real", "collection": "questions", "slug": "is-emf-sensitivity-real", "name": "Is EMF sensitivity (EHS) real?", "summary": "Symptoms are recognised as genuine; blinded studies have not linked them to field exposure. WHO recommends evaluating the symptoms clinically.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Is electromagnetic hypersensitivity a real condition?", "answer": "The symptoms are real and can be disabling — WHO states this explicitly — but blinded provocation studies have not shown that affected individuals can detect whether a field is present, or that their symptoms track actual exposure. WHO therefore describes the condition as idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to EMF and recommends clinical evaluation of the symptoms themselves rather than assuming a cause. This site records that position and links the primary literature; it does not give medical advice, and anyone with persistent symptoms should see a clinician.", "cluster": "health", "aliases": [ "electrosensitivity real", "EHS condition", "am I EMF sensitive" ], "related": [ "studies:who-ehs-2005", "glossary:ehs" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "who-ehs", "title": "Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (WHO backgrounder, December 2005; formerly Fact sheet 296)", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/hypersensitivity", "year": 2005, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "europaem-2016", "title": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems", "publisher": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/library/blog-en/97-europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "year": 2016, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/is-emf-sensitivity-real", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/is-emf-sensitivity-real", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/is-emf-sensitivity-real.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:does-emf-cause-cancer", "collection": "questions", "slug": "does-emf-cause-cancer", "name": "Does EMF cause cancer?", "summary": "Not established. Both RF and ELF are IARC Group 2B on limited evidence; animal studies found rare tumours, and the 2024 WHO human review found no association.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Is there evidence that EMF exposure causes cancer?", "answer": "Not established, and the evidence points in different directions depending on which field and which study you look at. IARC classifies both RF fields (2011) and ELF magnetic fields (2002) as Group 2B, 'possibly carcinogenic' — a statement about limited evidence, not about the size of any risk. The NTP and Ramazzini animal studies found rare heart tumours in male rats, while the 2024 WHO-commissioned systematic review of human studies found no association between mobile phone use and brain or head-and-neck cancers, including for long-term heavy users. This site lists each study with what it found and what it can and cannot establish, rather than resolving the dispute.", "cluster": "health", "aliases": [ "EMF cancer risk", "does wifi cause cancer", "5G cancer" ], "related": [ "studies:iarc-2b-rf-2011", "studies:ntp-2018", "studies:who-rf-review-2024", "glossary:group-2b" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iarc-2b-rf", "title": "IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), Press Release N° 208", "publisher": "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "url": "https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr208_E.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "iarc-monograph-80", "title": "IARC Monographs Volume 80: Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields", "publisher": "International Agency for Research on Cancer", "url": "https://publications.iarc.who.int/98", "year": 2002, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ntp-cellphone", "title": "Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation Studies", "publisher": "National Toxicology Program, U.S. NIEHS", "url": "https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/topics/cellphones", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "who-rf-review-2024", "title": "The effect of exposure to radiofrequency fields on cancer risk in the general and working population: a systematic review of human observational studies", "publisher": "Environment International (WHO-commissioned systematic review)", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412024005531", "year": 2024, "kind": "peer-reviewed", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/does-emf-cause-cancer", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/does-emf-cause-cancer", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/does-emf-cause-cancer.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:is-5g-more-dangerous-than-4g", "collection": "questions", "slug": "is-5g-more-dangerous-than-4g", "name": "Is 5G more dangerous than 4G?", "summary": "Same type of radiation and same limits; the difference is denser nodes and beamforming. Measured levels are below limits, but the mmWave literature is thinner.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Does 5G expose people to more radiation than 4G?", "answer": "5G uses the same kind of non-ionizing radiofrequency energy as 4G and remains subject to the same exposure limits, so the change is in deployment pattern rather than in kind: more, lower-power nodes closer to users, plus beamforming that points energy at active devices instead of radiating uniformly. Higher mmWave bands penetrate walls and skin far less than the mid-band frequencies that carry most 5G traffic. Measurement surveys of deployed 5G to date report levels well below regulatory limits, though the research record on beamformed mmWave exposure is thinner than for earlier generations, which is a genuine gap rather than a finding of harm.", "cluster": "health", "aliases": [ "5G danger", "5G vs 4G radiation", "is 5G safe" ], "related": [ "emitters:5g-small-cell", "glossary:beamforming", "studies:who-rf-review-2024" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "arpansa-base-stations", "title": "Mobile phone base stations and health", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/radiation-sources/more-radiation-sources/mobile-phone-base-stations", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-oet65", "title": "OET Bulletin 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering and Technology", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line", "year": 1997, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/is-5g-more-dangerous-than-4g", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/is-5g-more-dangerous-than-4g", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/is-5g-more-dangerous-than-4g.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:why-do-fcc-and-icnirp-limits-differ", "collection": "questions", "slug": "why-do-fcc-and-icnirp-limits-differ", "name": "Why do FCC and ICNIRP limits differ?", "summary": "Same thermal basis, different units, averaging masses and breakpoints; some countries add precautionary layers such as Switzerland's installation values.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Why are U.S. and European EMF limits different numbers?", "answer": "They are built on the same thermal basis but use different units, averaging masses and frequency breakpoints. The FCC expresses public RF limits in mW/cm² and averages SAR over 1 gram of tissue; ICNIRP expresses reference levels in W/m² and averages local SAR over 10 grams, so a phone's published SAR differs between regions without any difference in the device. Some countries then add precautionary layers on top — Switzerland's installation limit values are roughly a tenth of ICNIRP's reference levels in field-strength terms — which is a policy choice, not a different reading of the science.", "cluster": "regulation", "aliases": [ "FCC vs ICNIRP", "why are EMF limits different by country" ], "related": [ "standards:fcc-mpe", "standards:icnirp-2020", "glossary:reference-level" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ch-onir", "title": "Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (ONIR / NISV, SR 814.710)", "publisher": "Swiss Confederation", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/38/en", "year": 2000, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/why-do-fcc-and-icnirp-limits-differ", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/why-do-fcc-and-icnirp-limits-differ", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/why-do-fcc-and-icnirp-limits-differ.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:can-i-refuse-a-cell-tower-or-smart-meter", "collection": "questions", "slug": "can-i-refuse-a-cell-tower-or-smart-meter", "name": "Can you object to a tower or refuse a smart meter?", "summary": "U.S. law bars local RF-emission objections to compliant facilities; planning grounds remain. Smart-meter opt-outs exist at state/utility level, often for a fee.", "status": "provisional", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Can I block a cell tower near my home, or refuse a smart meter?", "answer": "In the United States, Section 704 of the Telecommunications Act bars state and local authorities from denying a wireless facility on the basis of RF emissions where it complies with FCC limits, so objections have to run on planning grounds — siting, height, appearance, procedure — rather than health. Smart-meter opt-outs are set by state and utility, not federal rule: many U.S. utilities offer a non-communicating or manually-read meter, often for a fee, and availability elsewhere varies by country. Practical route: check the FCC ASR record for the structure, read your utility's tariff for an opt-out provision, and engage the planning process on procedural grounds.", "cluster": "regulation", "aliases": [ "stop cell tower construction", "smart meter opt out rights", "Section 704" ], "related": [ "emitters:macro-cell-tower", "emitters:smart-meter", "protocols:tower-lookup" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-rf-safety", "title": "Radio Frequency Safety", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/general/radio-frequency-safety-0", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-asr", "title": "Antenna Structure Registration (ASR) public access database downloads", "publisher": "Federal Communications Commission", "url": "https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/data/public-access-files-database-downloads", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/can-i-refuse-a-cell-tower-or-smart-meter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/can-i-refuse-a-cell-tower-or-smart-meter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/can-i-refuse-a-cell-tower-or-smart-meter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:how-do-i-convert-mg-to-microtesla", "collection": "questions", "slug": "how-do-i-convert-mg-to-microtesla", "name": "How do you convert mG to µT and µW/m² to V/m?", "summary": "1 µT = 10 mG exactly; S = E²/377 in the far field, so 6 V/m ≈ 95,500 µW/m². Neither applies in the near field.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "How do I convert between EMF units?", "answer": "For magnetic fields the conversion is exact: 1 µT = 10 mG, so 0.4 µT = 4 mG. For radiofrequency in the far field, power density and electric field strength are linked by the impedance of free space: S (W/m²) = E² / 377, and E (V/m) = √(S × 377) — so 6 V/m is about 95,500 µW/m², and 1 V/m is about 2,653 µW/m². Note that this RF relationship holds only in the far field, roughly beyond one wavelength from the source, and never for near-field exposure such as a phone against the head, which is assessed as SAR instead.", "cluster": "measurement", "aliases": [ "mG to µT", "V/m to µW/m²", "EMF unit conversion" ], "related": [ "quantities:power-density", "quantities:magnetic-flux-density", "glossary:far-field" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nist-si", "title": "The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "itu-fs-relations", "title": "Free-space path loss and power density relations (ITU-R P.525)", "publisher": "International Telecommunication Union", "url": "https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.525/en", "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/how-do-i-convert-mg-to-microtesla", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/how-do-i-convert-mg-to-microtesla", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/how-do-i-convert-mg-to-microtesla.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:what-should-i-measure-first", "collection": "questions", "slug": "what-should-i-measure-first", "name": "Where should you start measuring?", "summary": "Measure all four quantities at the sleeping position first, then fix the largest measured contributor one change at a time. The best interventions are usually free.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "I want to reduce EMF at home — what do I do first?", "answer": "Measure before buying anything: the most common expensive mistake is shielding a wall while the dominant source is a router in the same room. Survey the sleeping area for all four quantities — RF power density, AC magnetic field, AC electric field and body voltage — grade each against its own band, then fix whichever sits furthest into its band, one change at a time, re-measuring after each. In most homes the largest reductions come from free actions: relocating or scheduling the router, replacing a legacy DECT base, unplugging bedside devices at the socket, and moving a bed away from the service-panel wall.", "cluster": "measurement", "aliases": [ "reduce EMF at home", "EMF survey where to start" ], "related": [ "protocols:sleeping-area-assessment", "protocols:rf-room-survey", "protocols:elf-magnetic-survey" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sbm-2024", "title": "Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for Sleeping Areas (SBM-2024)", "publisher": "Institut für Baubiologie + Nachhaltigkeit (IBN)", "url": "https://buildingbiology.com/site/downloads/SBM-2024_EVALUATION_GUIDELINES_EN.pdf", "year": 2024, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/what-should-i-measure-first", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-should-i-measure-first", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-should-i-measure-first.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:are-emf-limits-based-only-on-heating", "collection": "questions", "slug": "are-emf-limits-based-only-on-heating", "name": "Are exposure limits based only on heating?", "summary": "Yes: limits derive from thermal and nerve-stimulation thresholds divided by a safety factor. Whether sub-thermal effects exist is the open dispute.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Is it true that RF exposure limits only protect against heating?", "answer": "Substantially yes, and that is the crux of the dispute. ICNIRP and FCC limits are derived from the exposure at which established effects occur — tissue heating above about 100 kHz, nerve stimulation below it — then divided by a safety factor, typically 50 for the general public. ICNIRP's position is that no effect below the thermal threshold has been demonstrated consistently enough to base a limit on; precautionary frameworks such as BioInitiative and EUROPAEM assume such effects exist and propose targets orders of magnitude lower. This site labels every value as regulatory, guideline or precautionary so you can see which assumption a number rests on.", "cluster": "safe-levels", "aliases": [ "thermal only limits", "are EMF limits outdated", "non thermal effects limits" ], "related": [ "glossary:thermal-effect", "glossary:non-thermal-effect", "glossary:precautionary-principle" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bioinitiative-2012", "title": "BioInitiative Report 2012 (updated) — conclusions and recommended precautionary levels", "publisher": "BioInitiative Working Group", "url": "https://bioinitiative.org/conclusions/", "year": 2012, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "europaem-2016", "title": "EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems", "publisher": "European Academy for Environmental Medicine", "url": "https://europaem.eu/en/library/blog-en/97-europaem-emf-guideline-2016", "year": 2016, "kind": "ngo", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/are-emf-limits-based-only-on-heating", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/are-emf-limits-based-only-on-heating", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/are-emf-limits-based-only-on-heating.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:which-countries-have-the-strictest-emf-limits", "collection": "questions", "slug": "which-countries-have-the-strictest-emf-limits", "name": "Which countries have the strictest EMF limits?", "summary": "Russia (0.1 W/m²), China (0.4 W/m²), India (1/10th of ICNIRP), Italy (15 V/m) and Switzerland are the strictest; the U.S., EU, UK, Canada and Australia sit near 10 W/m².", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Which countries have the strictest RF exposure limits, and how much stricter are they?", "answer": "For public RF exposure in the mobile bands, Russia is the strictest of the large jurisdictions at 10 µW/cm² (0.1 W/m²) from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, followed by China at 0.4 W/m² below 3 GHz, India at one tenth of the ICNIRP figure for base stations (0.9 W/m² at 1800 MHz), Italy at a 15 V/m attention value, and Switzerland, whose installation limit value applies per installation at sensitive locations. The U.S. FCC limit of 10 W/m² above 1.5 GHz and the ICNIRP-derived limits used across the EU, UK, Canada and Australia sit at the top of that range — up to a hundred times higher than Russia's. Stricter numbers do not imply the higher ones are unsafe: the low limits are policy choices about margin, and none of the frameworks disagree about where established effects begin.", "cluster": "regulation", "aliases": [ "strictest EMF limits by country", "which country has the lowest EMF limit", "EMF limits comparison by country" ], "related": [ "limits:russia-public-300mhz-300ghz", "limits:china-public-30-3000", "limits:india-public-400-2000", "limits:italy-attention-value-15vm", "limits:ch-onir-installation-mobile" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "russia-sanpin-1383", "title": "СанПиН 2.1.8/2.2.4.1383-03, приложение 1, таблица 2 — ПДУ ЭМП 30 кГц–300 ГГц для населения", "publisher": "Главный государственный санитарный врач РФ (via ConsultantPlus)", "url": "https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_43243/b80f2a134eb7436dbdb5ff9efd13bd96e1a2e452/", "year": 2003, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "china-gb-8702", "title": "GB 8702-2014 电磁环境控制限值 (Controlling limits for electromagnetic environment)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/hxxhj/dcfsbz/201410/t20141022_290449.htm", "year": 2014, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "india-tarang-norms", "title": "EMF radiation norms (Tarang Sanchar portal)", "publisher": "Department of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://tarangsanchar.gov.in/EMFPortalHi/DoT/EMFRadiationNorms", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "italy-mimit-15vm", "title": "Adeguamento dei limiti dei campi elettromagnetici (15 V/m)", "publisher": "Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy", "url": "https://www.mimit.gov.it/it/notizie-stampa/adeguamento-dei-limiti-dei-campi-elettromagnetici", "year": 2024, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ch-onir", "title": "Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (ONIR / NISV, SR 814.710)", "publisher": "Swiss Confederation", "url": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/38/en", "year": 2000, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "fcc-1310", "title": "47 CFR § 1.1310 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-1.1310", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/which-countries-have-the-strictest-emf-limits", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/which-countries-have-the-strictest-emf-limits", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/which-countries-have-the-strictest-emf-limits.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:what-is-the-emf-limit-in-canada", "collection": "questions", "slug": "what-is-the-emf-limit-in-canada", "name": "What is the EMF exposure limit in Canada?", "summary": "Safety Code 6 allows 4.56 W/m² at 1900 MHz and 5.42 W/m² at 2450 MHz for the public, with 0.08 W/kg whole-body and 1.6 W/kg local SAR restrictions.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "What are Canada's RF exposure limits under Safety Code 6?", "answer": "Health Canada's Safety Code 6 (2015) sets uncontrolled-environment reference levels of 0.02619 f^0.6834 W/m² with frequency f in MHz, which works out to 4.56 W/m² at 1900 MHz and 5.42 W/m² at 2450 MHz, rising to a flat 10 W/m² above 6 GHz. The underlying basic restrictions are 0.08 W/kg whole-body SAR and 1.6 W/kg peak spatially-averaged for head, neck and trunk — the same headline SAR figure as the United States. Safety Code 6 is issued as a guideline, but Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada adopts it for equipment certification, so in practice phones, base stations and broadcast antennas must comply.", "cluster": "regulation", "aliases": [ "Safety Code 6 limits", "Canada RF exposure limit", "Canadian EMF limit" ], "related": [ "standards:hc-safety-code-6", "limits:sc6-public-300-6000", "limits:sc6-sar-basic-restriction", "organizations:health-canada" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "hc-safety-code-6", "title": "Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Energy in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz (Safety Code 6)", "publisher": "Health Canada", "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-risks-safety/limits-human-exposure-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-energy-range-3-300.html", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "hc-safety-code-6-pdf", "title": "Safety Code 6 (2015), H129-48/2015E-PDF — official PDF edition", "publisher": "Government of Canada Publications", "url": "https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/sc-hc/H129-48-2015-eng.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-canada", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-canada", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-canada.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:what-is-the-emf-limit-in-the-uk", "collection": "questions", "slug": "what-is-the-emf-limit-in-the-uk", "name": "What is the EMF limit in the UK?", "summary": "The UK enforces the ICNIRP public limits (10 W/m² above 2 GHz) through Ofcom's EMF licence condition, in force since 2021.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "What EMF exposure limits apply in the United Kingdom, and who enforces them?", "answer": "The UK has no numeric limit of its own: it applies the ICNIRP general-public limits, which are 10 W/m² incident power density above 2 GHz and 61 V/m in the mid-band. Since 2021 Ofcom has attached an EMF licence condition to most spectrum licences requiring compliance with those limits, for licensees authorised to transmit above 10 W EIRP (6.1 W ERP), and can enforce against a breach. The condition protects members of the public; workers and the licensee's own staff fall under separate occupational rules.", "cluster": "regulation", "aliases": [ "UK EMF limits", "Ofcom EMF rules", "who enforces EMF limits in the UK" ], "related": [ "standards:ofcom-emf-condition", "limits:ofcom-public-2-300ghz", "organizations:ofcom" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "ofcom-emf-policy", "title": "Ofcom's rules on EMF exposure (EMF licence condition)", "publisher": "Ofcom", "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/electromagnetic-fields/policy", "year": 2021, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "ofcom-emf-guidance", "title": "Guidance on EMF compliance and enforcement", "publisher": "Ofcom", "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/electromagnetic-fields/compliance-and-enforcement-guidance", "year": 2021, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-the-uk", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-the-uk", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-the-uk.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:what-is-the-emf-limit-in-australia", "collection": "questions", "slug": "what-is-the-emf-limit-in-australia", "name": "What is the EMF limit in Australia?", "summary": "ARPANSA RPS S-1 (2021) adopts ICNIRP 2020 — 10 W/m² for the public above 2 GHz — enforced via licence conditions and the ACMA device standard.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "What are Australia's RF exposure limits, and are they legally binding?", "answer": "Australia applies ARPANSA's RPS S-1 (Rev. 1, 2021), which adopts the ICNIRP 2020 limits — 10 W/m² public incident power density above 2 GHz, with SAR-based basic restrictions below 6 GHz. It replaced RPS 3 (2002), which was based on ICNIRP 1998. The limits bite in two ways: RPS S-1 is in force as a licence condition for ARPANSA licence holders, and the ACMA's Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation — Human Exposure) Standard requires devices supplied in Australia to keep users within the ARPANSA basic restrictions.", "cluster": "regulation", "aliases": [ "ARPANSA limits", "Australia EME standard", "RPS S-1 limits" ], "related": [ "standards:arpansa-rps-s1", "limits:arpansa-public-2-300ghz", "organizations:arpansa" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "arpansa-rps-s1", "title": "Standard for Limiting Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields — 100 kHz to 300 GHz, RPS S-1 (Rev. 1)", "publisher": "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency", "url": "https://www.arpansa.gov.au/regulation-and-licensing/regulatory-publications/radiation-protection-series/codes-and-standards/rpss-1", "year": 2021, "kind": "standard", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "acma-eme-standard", "title": "Radiocommunications (Electromagnetic Radiation — Human Exposure) Standard 2014", "publisher": "Australian Communications and Media Authority (Federal Register of Legislation)", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2014L00960/asmade/2014-07-07/text/original/epub/OEBPS/document_1/document_1.html", "year": 2014, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-australia", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-australia", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-australia.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:why-are-indias-tower-limits-ten-times-stricter", "collection": "questions", "slug": "why-are-indias-tower-limits-ten-times-stricter", "name": "Why are India's tower limits 10 times stricter?", "summary": "A 2012 precautionary policy decision cut India's base-station limits to one tenth of ICNIRP: 0.45 W/m² at 900 MHz, 0.9 at 1800, 1 W/m² above 2 GHz. Handset SAR is unchanged.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Why does India apply one tenth of the ICNIRP limits to mobile towers?", "answer": "India adopted the ICNIRP levels in 2008 and then, on the recommendation of an inter-ministerial committee, cut the base-station allowance to one tenth of them with effect from 1 September 2012 — a precautionary policy decision, not a finding that the ICNIRP levels are unsafe. The resulting limits are 0.45 W/m² at 900 MHz, 0.9 W/m² at 1800 MHz and 1 W/m² at 2100 MHz and above. The reduction applies to base-station emissions only: handsets are still certified against the 1.6 W/kg SAR limit over 1 g, and compliance is enforced through licence conditions, operator self-certification and DoT field audits with penalties.", "cluster": "regulation", "aliases": [ "India 1/10 ICNIRP", "India mobile tower radiation limit", "Tarang Sanchar limits" ], "related": [ "standards:india-dot-emf", "limits:india-public-400-2000", "limits:india-public-2-300ghz", "organizations:india-dot" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "india-tarang-norms", "title": "EMF radiation norms (Tarang Sanchar portal)", "publisher": "Department of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://tarangsanchar.gov.in/EMFPortalHi/DoT/EMFRadiationNorms", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "india-dgt-emf", "title": "Public awareness — EMF exposure limits from mobile towers", "publisher": "Directorate General of Telecommunications, Government of India", "url": "https://dgtelecom.gov.in/public-awareness/", "year": 2013, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/why-are-indias-tower-limits-ten-times-stricter", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/why-are-indias-tower-limits-ten-times-stricter", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/why-are-indias-tower-limits-ten-times-stricter.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:did-italy-raise-its-emf-limit-to-15-v-m", "collection": "questions", "slug": "did-italy-raise-its-emf-limit-to-15-v-m", "name": "Did Italy raise its EMF limit from 6 to 15 V/m?", "summary": "Yes — the attention value and quality objective went from 6 V/m to 15 V/m on 30 April 2024 under Law 214/2023; the 20 V/m exposure limit is unchanged.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Is Italy's EMF limit still 6 V/m, or has it been raised to 15 V/m?", "answer": "It was raised. Article 10 of Law 214/2023 increased Italy's attention value and quality objective from 6 V/m to 15 V/m with effect from 30 April 2024, pending alignment with the European limits; the ministry framed it as the level needed to run 5G on the existing grid of base stations while staying below the 60 V/m EU reference level. The separate exposure limit under DPCM 8 July 2003 — 20 V/m in the 3 MHz–3 GHz band — was not changed. Any page still quoting 6 V/m as Italy's current figure is out of date, and regional ARPA agencies have increased monitoring since the change.", "cluster": "regulation", "aliases": [ "Italy 15 V/m", "Italy 6 V/m limit", "Italy EMF limit change 2024" ], "related": [ "standards:italy-dpcm-2003", "limits:italy-attention-value-15vm", "limits:italy-exposure-limit-20vm", "glossary:attention-value" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "italy-mimit-15vm", "title": "Adeguamento dei limiti dei campi elettromagnetici (15 V/m)", "publisher": "Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy", "url": "https://www.mimit.gov.it/it/notizie-stampa/adeguamento-dei-limiti-dei-campi-elettromagnetici", "year": 2024, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "italy-arpa-piemonte-15vm", "title": "Aumentano i controlli di Arpa in seguito all'aumento dei limiti di campo elettromagnetico", "publisher": "Arpa Piemonte", "url": "https://www.arpa.piemonte.it/notizia/aumentano-controlli-arpa-seguito-allaumento-dei-limiti-campo-elettromagnetico-per", "year": 2024, "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "italy-dpcm-2003", "title": "DPCM 8 luglio 2003 — limiti di esposizione, valori di attenzione e obiettivi di qualità, 100 kHz–300 GHz", "publisher": "Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 199/2003)", "url": "https://corecom.consrc.it/hp2/doc/D.P.C.M.8_luglio2003.pdf", "year": 2003, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/did-italy-raise-its-emf-limit-to-15-v-m", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/did-italy-raise-its-emf-limit-to-15-v-m", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/did-italy-raise-its-emf-limit-to-15-v-m.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:what-is-the-emf-limit-in-china", "collection": "questions", "slug": "what-is-the-emf-limit-in-china", "name": "What is the EMF limit in China?", "summary": "GB 8702-2014 allows 0.4 W/m² (12 V/m) below 3 GHz, f/7500 W/m² from 3–15 GHz, and 100 µT / 4 kV/m at 50 Hz — for environmental exposure, not your own devices.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "What public exposure limits does China's GB 8702-2014 set?", "answer": "GB 8702-2014 caps public exposure at 12 V/m (0.4 W/m²) from 30 MHz to 3000 MHz, f/7500 W/m² from 3 to 15 GHz — 0.47 W/m² at 3.5 GHz — and 27 V/m (2 W/m²) from 15 to 300 GHz, all as RMS values over any continuous six minutes. At power frequency the limits are 100 µT and 4 kV/m, with 10 kV/m permitted on farmland and roads under overhead transmission lines. The standard governs environmental exposure from installations; it explicitly does not regulate what your own phone or household appliances expose you to.", "cluster": "regulation", "aliases": [ "GB 8702-2014 limits", "China EMF limit", "China 5G radiation limit" ], "related": [ "standards:china-gb-8702", "limits:china-public-30-3000", "limits:china-public-magnetic-50hz", "organizations:china-mee" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "china-gb-8702", "title": "GB 8702-2014 电磁环境控制限值 (Controlling limits for electromagnetic environment)", "publisher": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China", "url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/hxxhj/dcfsbz/201410/t20141022_290449.htm", "year": 2014, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-china", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-china", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-the-emf-limit-in-china.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:what-is-russias-10-microwatt-limit", "collection": "questions", "slug": "what-is-russias-10-microwatt-limit", "name": "What is Russia's 10 µW/cm² limit?", "summary": "Russia's public limit is 10 µW/cm² = 0.1 W/m² = 100,000 µW/m² from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, roughly a hundredth of the ICNIRP reference level.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Why is Russia's EMF limit 10 µW/cm², and what does that equal in other units?", "answer": "Russian sanitary norms (SanPiN) cap public exposure at 10 µW/cm² of time-averaged power flux density from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, which equals 0.1 W/m² or 100,000 µW/m² — about a hundredth of the ICNIRP public reference level — with 3 V/m applying from 30 to 300 MHz. The Soviet-era derivation used long-term exposure endpoints rather than the acute thermal threshold ICNIRP works from, which is why the figure is so much lower; it is frequently cited in campaign material as proof that Western limits are too high. It applies in residential areas, places of mass recreation and inside dwellings, including secondary radiation.", "cluster": "regulation", "aliases": [ "Russia EMF limit", "SanPiN limit", "10 microwatt per cm2 limit" ], "related": [ "standards:russia-sanpin-rf", "limits:russia-public-300mhz-300ghz", "limits:russia-public-30-300mhz" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "russia-sanpin-1383", "title": "СанПиН 2.1.8/2.2.4.1383-03, приложение 1, таблица 2 — ПДУ ЭМП 30 кГц–300 ГГц для населения", "publisher": "Главный государственный санитарный врач РФ (via ConsultantPlus)", "url": "https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_43243/b80f2a134eb7436dbdb5ff9efd13bd96e1a2e452/", "year": 2003, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "russia-sanpin-2021", "title": "СанПиН 1.2.3685-21 — Гигиенические нормативы и требования к обеспечению безопасности факторов среды обитания", "publisher": "Роспотребнадзор (via ConsultantPlus)", "url": "https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_375839/", "year": 2021, "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/what-is-russias-10-microwatt-limit", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-russias-10-microwatt-limit", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/what-is-russias-10-microwatt-limit.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:which-phones-have-the-lowest-sar", "collection": "questions", "slug": "which-phones-have-the-lowest-sar", "name": "Which phones have the lowest SAR?", "summary": "Lowest declared ear values among current models here are 0.38–0.53 W/kg against a 2 W/kg EU limit, but declared SAR is a maximum-power compliance figure and ranks test behaviour, not everyday absorption.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Which phone models have the lowest declared SAR, and does buying one lower my exposure?", "answer": "Among current models in this dataset the lowest declared values at the ear are the Samsung Galaxy A16 5G at 0.38 W/kg, the Fairphone Gen. 6 at 0.48 W/kg and the Samsung Galaxy A36 5G at 0.53 W/kg, against an EU limit of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue; recent iPhones sit near the top of the range at 1.49 W/kg. All of them are declarations from a worst-case compliance test at maximum transmit power, so they rank how the models behave in that test and not how much energy your body absorbs day to day — a phone with strong reception transmits orders of magnitude below maximum power. Choosing a lower-SAR model changes real exposure far less than using speakerphone or wired earphones and calling where the signal is good.", "cluster": "devices", "aliases": [ "lowest SAR phone", "lowest radiation phone", "low SAR phone list" ], "related": [ "devices:samsung-galaxy-a16-5g", "devices:fairphone-gen-6", "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "questions:what-is-sar-and-does-a-low-sar-phone-matter" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "bfs-sar-database", "title": "SAR search — declared SAR values of mobile phones", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/service/sar-suche/sar_suche_node.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/which-phones-have-the-lowest-sar", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/which-phones-have-the-lowest-sar", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/which-phones-have-the-lowest-sar.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } }, { "id": "questions:why-does-phone-sar-differ-between-us-and-europe", "collection": "questions", "slug": "why-does-phone-sar-differ-between-us-and-europe", "name": "Why does the same phone have two different SAR values?", "summary": "U.S. SAR is averaged over 1 g against 1.6 W/kg; EU/ICNIRP SAR over 10 g against 2 W/kg. The numbers are not interchangeable, and body-worn values only hold at their declared separation distance.", "status": "verified", "lastVerified": "2026-08-12", "data": { "question": "Why does my phone show one SAR value in the U.S. and a different one in Europe?", "answer": "The two figures come from different averaging masses and different limits, not from different hardware. The U.S. FCC limit is 1.6 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue, while ICNIRP and the EU use 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g; spreading the same absorbed power over ten times the mass lowers the number, so a European value is typically smaller and cannot be compared with a U.S. one or read as a safety ranking. Body-worn values add a second variable: each is declared at a stated separation distance, commonly 5 mm, and does not describe the phone flat against skin.", "cluster": "devices", "aliases": [ "1g vs 10g SAR", "SAR US vs Europe", "why two SAR values" ], "related": [ "limits:fcc-sar-partial-body", "limits:icnirp-2020-sar-local", "protocols:sar-lookup", "glossary:sar" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "fcc-2-1093", "title": "47 CFR § 2.1093 — Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable devices", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (eCFR)", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/section-2.1093", "kind": "regulation", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "icnirp-2020", "title": "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz)", "publisher": "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "url": "https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" }, { "id": "bfs-sar-mobile", "title": "Specific absorption rate (SAR) of mobile phones — measurement procedure and interpretation", "publisher": "Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (German Federal Office for Radiation Protection)", "url": "https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/emf/mobile-communication/protection/sar-mobil/sar-mobile-phone.html", "kind": "government", "retrieved": "2026-08-12" } ], "links": { "self": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions/why-does-phone-sar-differ-between-us-and-europe", "html": "https://emfbase.com/questions/why-does-phone-sar-differ-between-us-and-europe", "markdown": "https://emfbase.com/questions/why-does-phone-sar-differ-between-us-and-europe.md", "collection": "https://emfbase.com/api/questions" } } ] } } }