Standards & frameworks

Australia's RF standard for 100 kHz–300 GHz, aligned with ICNIRP 2020 and enforced through licence conditions and the ACMA device standard.

Advocacy-group review proposing precautionary RF and ELF targets far below regulatory limits; widely cited in campaigns and widely disputed by health authorities.

Precautionary assessment bands used by building biologists to grade bedroom measurements from 'no anomaly' to 'extreme anomaly'; not exposure limits and not law.

China's mandatory national standard for public exposure from 1 Hz to 300 GHz, referencing ICNIRP 1998 and IEEE but setting values of its own that are stricter in the mobile bands.

The public-exposure reference framework across the European Union, based on ICNIRP 1998, transposed into national law with varying strictness.

Precautionary medical-association guidance proposing day, night and sensitive-population target values per transmission technology.

Legally binding U.S. exposure limits for radiofrequency transmitters from 300 kHz to 100 GHz, adopted from NCRP and ANSI/IEEE recommendations in 1996 and reaffirmed in 2019.

Canada's RF exposure code from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, issued by Health Canada as a guideline and made effectively mandatory for wireless equipment through ISED's certification requirements.

International guidelines for power-frequency electric and magnetic fields, the tier that covers household wiring, transformers and transmission lines.

International guidelines that most countries outside the U.S. adopt into law, covering 5G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, mobile phones and base stations.

Consensus engineering standard for 0 Hz–300 GHz human exposure, harmonised with ICNIRP 2020 in most bands and widely referenced in equipment compliance work.

India enforces base-station exposure limits set at one tenth of the ICNIRP 1998 power-density reference levels, effective 1 September 2012 and applied as a telecom licence condition.

Italy's three-tier RF law — exposure limit, attention value and quality objective — whose precautionary tiers were raised from 6 V/m to 15 V/m on 30 April 2024.

Russia's sanitary norms for public RF exposure, which cap power flux density at 10 µW/cm² from 300 MHz to 300 GHz — about a hundredth of the ICNIRP reference level.

Switzerland's precaution-based installation limits for fixed transmitters and power lines, roughly a factor of 10 below ICNIRP in field strength terms.

The mechanism that makes the ICNIRP general-public exposure limits legally enforceable in the United Kingdom, applied as a condition on spectrum licences since 2021.

The World Health Organization's assessment of the extremely-low-frequency evidence base, which sets no exposure limit but records the daily-average magnetic field level above which epidemiology reports an association with childhood leukaemia.